现代汉语形声字的声符家族表音属性研究

On Characteristics of the Phonetic Family in Picto-Phonetic Characters of Modern Chinese

本文以《汉字声旁读音便查》和《现代汉语频率词典》为依据,对现代汉语形声字的声符家族表音类型和使用频率特点进行计量分析,结果发现声符家族可分为完全表音、半表音、混合表音、混杂表音和不表音五种家族类型。声符在家族水平上的表音特点主要有:总体表音能力非常好,具有表音能力的四类家族占总数的93.72%,不表音家族只占总数的6.28%;声符家族表音的多线索性和不确定性比较明显,表现为家族表音类型以混合混杂表音类型居多(57.25%)、单纯一致表音类型偏少(36.47%)。本文还描述了声符家族中声符字和家族成员字的使用频率分布特性,探讨上述结果在汉字教学及汉字认知研究中的意义。

The paper makes a statistical analysis of the types and usage frequencies of the phonetic family in picto-phonetic characters of modern Chinese, with reference to Handbook of the Phonetic Element of Chinese Characters and Dictionary of Modern Chinese Usage Frequency. It divides the phonetic family into five categories, i.e. regular, half regular, mixed, hybrid, and irregular categories. It reports that the family has two characteristics. First, the phonetic elements have remarkable indication ability, with 93.72% having phonetic indicators. Second, the phonetic family has differentiated features, mainly in mixed or hybrid phonetic categories （57.25%）, and only a few in simple phonetic categories （36.47%）. The paper also investigates usage frequency of the phonetic family characters, and discusses the significance of the above findings in Chinese character teaching and in studies on the cognition-related study of Chinese characters.