论《德意志意识形态》中城市理论的双重逻辑

The Dual Logics of Urban Theories in “The German Ideology”

马克思和恩格斯在《德意志意识形态》中对城市问题进行了系统考察。我们认为这种考察存在两个充满张力的内在逻辑维度:第一种逻辑是从现实的社会生产出发,建立在分工、交往、所有制等社会关系基础之上的历史逻辑;第二种逻辑是立足于资本主义批判,对城市经济和政治进行批判的批判逻辑。在历史逻辑下,马克思和恩格斯将城市视为人类社会生产发展的必然产物和文明形态,客观上高度肯定城市对于人类文明的重要意义,并在《资本论》等著作中将这一思想发展完善。而在批判逻辑下,马克思和恩格斯从私有制和阶级对立的演进来说明城市发展,将城市视为私有制的产物及资本主义社会的典型,从而在价值和道德维度批判资本主义城市的弊端。两种逻辑对于当代中国城市发展都具有重要的指导意义。

Marx and Engels made a thorough investigation on city issues in their book ＂The German Ideology＂. The paper holds that their investigation has two logics： one is the historical logic based on social relations such as the division of labor, social communication, ownership, and starts from social production in reality; the other is the critical logic based on critical thinking on capitalism, urban economy and politics. Under the historical logic, Marx and Engels considers city as the inevitable result of human society and a form of civilization, highly recognizes the significance of city to human civilization, and further this point in their other master works including ＂Capital＂. Under the critical logic, Marx and Engels explains the evolution of city in private ownership and class antagonism, considers city as a result of private ownership and an archetype of capitalist society, and therefore criticize the disadvantage of capitalist city from a value and ethic point of view. These dual logics are both directive for contemporary Chinese cities in their development.