苜蓿生产全程机械化技术研究现状与发展分析

Review of Alfalfa Full-mechanized Production Technology

苜蓿是优质牧草之一,随着"粮-经-草"三元结构到"粮-经-畜-草"四元结构发展模式的扩大,国内对苜蓿的需求量日渐增大。为了向我国苜蓿产业发展提供参考和支持,提出了适宜我国国情的苜蓿生产全程机械化技术模式,对国内外苜蓿机械化生产技术现状进行了概述,并进行了总结和分析。我国苜蓿生产全程机械化技术模式包含苜蓿种子工程、土地整理、播种、田间管理、刈割收获、储藏运输和草产品加工7种机械化生产技术工艺,30多个具体的机械化生产环节。目前,我国已经初步形成了适合我国国情的苜蓿生产全程机械化技术体系,但与国外苜蓿机械化生产技术还存在一定差距,存在生产环节发展不均衡,机械化生产技术存在短板,产业化程度低,基础性研究落后,生产工艺与机械化生产技术联动性差,以及生产装备适用性与可靠性低等问题。构建完整的苜蓿生产全程机械化技术体系,发展具有中国特色的苜蓿机械化生产体系,加强土壤-苜蓿-机具相互作用关系理论技术体系研究,实现苜蓿生产机械集成化、智能化,将是我国苜蓿机械化生产技术体系的发展方向。

Alfalfa is one kind of high-quality forage grass. With the development pattern expanding from food crop-commercial crop-forage, ternary structure, to food crop-commercial crop-livestock-forage,quaternary structure,the domestic demand for alfalfa is increasing. In order to provide references and supports for the development of alfalfa industry in China,and propose appropriate full-mechanized alfalfa production development patterns which are suitable for China,the present situation of alfalfa mechanized production technology in China and foreign countries were reviewed,summarized and analyzed. The fullmechanized alfalfa production technical pattern included seven mechanized production technology,i. e.alfalfa seed project, cultivation, sowing, field management, high-quality harvest, storage and transportation,and forage products processing,with more than thirty production links. For now,a suitable mechanization technology system for alfalfa production has initially formed in China,which means that available equipment could be found and used during the production operation with not completing machine matching,high production cost and low-efficiency problems. Certain gaps about the alfalfa mechanized production technology existed between China and foreign countries. Issues of uneven development of production processes, short boards in the mechanized production technology, low industrialization,basic research backward,poor linkage and reliability of equipment of the mechanized production operation still existed. Establishing a complete full-mechanized technology system for alfalfa production,developing a special alfalfa mechanization technology system with Chinese characteristics,strengthening theoretical system research of soil-alfalfa-machine interaction, and realizing alfalfa production machinery with integration as well as intellectualization,would be the development direction of alfalfa mechanized production technology system in China.