大应法王札实巴考论

A Study on Tashiba, a Tibetan Buddhist Master in the Ming Dynasty

明朝特别是明朝中期帝王,多在北京册封、供养藏僧,并举行藏传佛教法事活动,为藏僧建造塔寺,大批开度藏僧行童。个别皇帝亲自修习藏传佛教仪轨,参与诵经等活动,并自称法王,表现出对藏传佛教的极度崇奉。明朝帝王崇信藏传佛教,在一定范围内加剧了明朝政治的黑暗腐朽和明代中期以后的财政危机,消极影响较大。但是,它对加强民族团结、维护国家统一也有一定积极意义。朝廷"多封众建",藏区首领亦能审时度势,接受册封。札实巴就是在这样的政治环境中,由承袭禅师,最后获得"大应法王"称号的。札实巴驻锡大慈恩寺并拥有下院广济寺。在京参与佛事活动,上奏章维修陕西弘化寺,乞请寺田佃户。生前待遇优渥,死后建塔厚葬。朝廷的政策、札实巴的待遇和行为在士大夫中引起了强烈的反响,很多书籍对札实巴都有记载。

In the Ming dynasty, in Beijing the emperors conferred titles and provided for Tibetan monks, held vari- ous Tibetan Buddhist activities, built pagodas and temples for the Tibetan monks, and so on. Some of the emper- ors himself learned and practiced the Tibetan Buddhism by participating in religious activities and declared him- self to be the Dharma King. They were devout believers of the Tibetan Buddhism, which to some extent deterio- rated the Ming＇s political corruption and fiscal crisis, but it also had some positive effects on ethnic solidarity and national unity of China. In such a historical background, Tashiba inherited an honorable title of Chan Master, and then got the title of ＂Dharma King＂. He preached at the Da ci＇en Temple in Shaanxi and at the Guangji Temple in Shanxi, and went to Beijing to participate religious activities there. He once submitted his request to the emperor to restore the Honghua Temple in Shaanxi, and give land and tenants to temples. Tashiba got prefer- ential treatment, and the emperor built funeral sputa for him after his death, which aroused dissatisfaction of scholars and officials then. There are many books including the records of Tashiba.