政党、军系与暴动组织——中共南昌起义的跨界关系网络

Political Parties,Army Departments and Insurgent Organizations——The Cross-border Network of the Nanchang Uprising in the Chinese Communist Party

国民革命军北伐引发南方各省,尤其是两广、云贵、四川等省的地方军系跨出原先的防区或地盘,汇聚和交错于湘鄂赣等省区域。借助党部、学校等机构以及军中党代表、政工制度等路径,国共两党在加强对地方和军队进行渗透与控制的过程中,迅速扩散了两党在北伐过境区域的党政军关系网络。与此同时,军人们的地域观念、部队情感以及军校认同感等因素充斥其间,成为其相互联络或结成团体的重要关系纽带。1927年武汉国民党中央即将"分共"之际,张发奎第二方面军以"东征讨蒋"为名驻守江西九江、南昌沿线地带,中共精英人物也随之聚拢于此。后者正是在上述复杂的关系网络背景下,通过调遣和运用渗透其中的关系资源,以此推动"党""军"之间结成南昌暴动的组织架构,并获得暴动前期的某种政治掩护。但另一方面,对现有关系资源、尤其是军系力量的过度依赖,也使中共难以完全贯彻其政治纲领。南昌暴动的失败经验,启示中共此后确立并贯彻工农革命的路线和"党指挥枪"的原则,中共与军队的关系由此逐渐形成一种新的型态。

The northern expedition of the national revolutionary army caused local army departments in the southern provinces, especially Guangdong and Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces, to step out of their original defense domain, and to convergence and stagger in the area of Hunan Hubei and Jiangxi provinces. Through parties, schools and other institutions, and mean- while, with the help of Party representatives and political work system, the Kuomintang and the Chi- nese Communist Party spread rapidly the two parties＇political and military network in the transit are- as of Northern Expedition, in the process of strengthening the infiltration and control of the local and military forces. Meanwhile, it was full of the militaryg regional concept, army emotion and identity of the military academy, which became an important link to contact or form a community. In 1927, during the time the Central Committee of the Kuomintang in Wuhan was soon be divided, Zhang Fakuig 2nd front army garrisoned Jiujiang, Nanchang and other surrounding areas in Jiangxi prov- ince, in the name of ＂Crusades Chiang＂. Thereupon, the elites of the Chinese Communist Party be- gan to converge there. The latter, through dispatching and using these resources and relationships a- mong the complex relationship network, promoted the party and the army to form the organizational structure of the uprising in Nanchang, and gained some political cover in the early stage of the upris- ing. But on the other hand, the excessive reliance on existing relations resources, especially the military forces of army departments, made it difficult for the CCP to fully implement its political pro- gram. The failure experience of the Nanchang uprising enlightened the Chinese Communist Party to have established and implemented the principles of the workers＂ and peasants＂ revolution and the principle of ＂party directing guns＂ since then. Thus, the relationship between the Chinese Commu- nist Party and the armed forces began to form a new pattern.