撑竿跳高成绩构成分量5H理论与实证分析——以2015年世界田径锦标赛为例

5H Theory of Components of Pole Vault Performance and Empirical Analysis:Take 2015 Beijing IAAF World Athletics Championships for Example

国内外撑竿跳高项目一直被世人广泛接受的4H公式理论(即:H=H_1+(H_2+H_3)-H_4),已不满足于现代撑竿跳高技术理论的需求。本文增加H5视角,以世界高水平运动员的技术数据为实证参考,采用运动生物力学摄影测量等研究方法揭示各成绩构成分量的情况与影响因素。研究表明:1)撑竿跳高成绩构成分量H5的提出,解释了人体重心最高点不在横杆最上方时所造成的实际重心高度下降的情况。2)世界高水平男、女撑竿跳高运动员的腾越高度主要依赖于运动员的握竿高度,男子选手过杆技术优于女子选手。3)世界男、女选手的伸展偏离角度越小,人体腾起的高度(H2)就越高。4)世界高水平男、女选手的预设架距与身体重心最高点的平均距离差值呈现出绝大多数优秀选手的身体重心最高点未能在横杆正上方,且差值越大,身体重心下降的高度(H5)也就越大。

The 4H formula of pole vault （ H = H1 ＋ （ H2 ＋ H3 ） - H4 ） that was widely accepted at home and a- broad, has not satisfied the demand of modem theory of pole vault techniques. Taking the technical data of the high level athletes in the world as reference, this paper added the H5 to analyze the components of pole vault performance and the influencing factors by the method of sports biomechanics photogrammetry. Conlcusions ： 1 ） The component H5 explains the drop of actual height of gravity center caused by that the highest center of gravity of the human body is not at the top of the cross bar. 2） The take-off height of high level pole vaulters is mainly depend- ent on their handhold height, and male players＇ over pole technique is superior to female players＇. 3 ） Players＇ stretching deviation angle is smaller, the take-off height of human body （ H2 ） is higher. 4） The gap between the cross bar moving distance and the distance of the highest point of center of body weight shows that the top point of most elite players＇ center of body weight is not at the top of cross bar, and the gap is bigger, the drop of their cen- ter of body weight （ H5 ） is larger.