官民互动的典范:明清时期河神黄大王信仰的历史考察

A Historical Investigation of the Huang Dawang's Religion of the River God in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

"黄大王"是明清时期盛行于黄、运沿岸地区的河神。早期的黄大王信仰并未得到官方的认可,曾遭到官方的禁止和压制。民间对其形象进行了改造,使其日益符合官方的需要,黄大王信仰也逐渐被官方所认可,并被纳入国家正祀,最终实现了由民间杂祀到国家正祀的转化,这种转化的背后是民间和官方的频繁互动。伴随着黄大王进入国家正祀,在官方的倡导和推动下,黄、运沿岸地区纷纷建立了祭祀黄大王的庙宇。河神信仰在为清代国家提供祭祀对象、表达利益诉求的同时,一定程度上满足了沿岸民众的祭祀需求,在强化地域文化认同方面亦发挥了显著作用。从黄大王信仰的产生到民间士绅对其形象的改造,再到官员奏请、皇帝敕封,从中我们也可以看出明清时期河神信仰形成及演变的普遍规律。

＂Huang Dawang＂ is the the River God prevalent in along area of the Yellow River,the canal in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The early religion of the Huang Dawang has not been recognized by the official,has been prohibitedand suppressed by the official. The folk has been reformed the image of the Huang Dawang to make it increasingly adapt the official need,The religion of the Huang Dawang gradually recognized by the official,and was incorporated into the state of worship,and ultimately achieved the transformation from the folk miscellaneous worship to the state of worship,behind this transformation is frequent interaction of the folk and the official. With the Huang Dawang into the state of worship,the coastal area of the Yellow River and the canal have established the temples of worship Huang Da Wang by the advocacy and promotion of the official. The religion of River God to provide sacrificial place to express the interest of the demand for the state of Qing Dynasty,to a certaine xtent,meeting the worship need of people along the coast area,it has also played a significant role in strengthening regional cultural identity. From the creation of Huang Dawang＇s religion to the image＇s transformation of the civil gentry,the petition of the officials and the emperor＇s imperial seal,we can see the universal regular pattern of the formation and evolution of the river god＇s religion in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.