饥荒时期俄国粮食储备和救济制度研究

Study on the Grain Reserves and Relief System of Russia During the Famine Period

自然气候条件和社会状况是影响俄国粮食供应水平的重要因素。在歉收和饥荒年份确保粮食供应,稳定民众生活一直是俄国政府的优先任务。19世纪下半叶至20世纪初,俄国不断完善粮食储备立法,实行灵活的粮食储备形式和救济方式,保证受灾居民的粮食供应。政府和地方自治局共同落实救济措施,多渠道增加市场供给,稳定粮食价格,减轻灾害对民众生活的冲击。为缓解粮食供应紧张局面,俄国政府采取一系列行政措施,促进国内粮食流通和人员流动,限制粮食出口。实施公共工程,推行以工代赈是俄国重要的救灾举措,有助于灾民克服暂时的生活困难,为灾区经济的恢复和发展奠定物质基础。同时应当注意到,公共工程实施过程中暴露出监督不力、工程质量差和滥用权力等问题。

Ensuring food supplies in poor harvests and years of famine has been a priority for the Russian government. From the late of 19 to early 20th centuries, Russia improved its grain reserves and relief legislation, implemented flexible food reserve forms and relief methods, and ensured the food supply to the affected residents. The government and the local autonomy bureaus jointly carried out relief measures, increasing market supply through multiple channels, stabilizing food prices and mitigating the impact of disasters on people＇s lives. To alleviate the shortage of food supplies, the Russian government adopted a series of administrative measures to promote domestic food circulation, personnel flows and restrict grain exports. Public works and work relief that introduced by Russian government were important relief efforts, which will help the victims to overcome the temporary difficulties and lay a material foundation for the recovery and development of the affected areas. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the supervision, poor quality and abuse of power were exposed during the implementation of public works.