黎平侗语口语中汉语结构助词“的”的借用研究

On Borrowed Chinese Structural Particle “De” in Oral Kam of Liping

侗语的汉化除了表现为汉语实词的大量借入之外,还表现为词法、句法层面上侗语的固有偏正结构也正在受到汉语相应结构的冲击。我们从两方面对黎平县尚重地区侗语口语中汉语结构助词"的"的借用情况进行了调查:一是影响当地侗语口语中"的"字的借用的相关因素有哪些;二是当地侗语口语中所借入的"的"在类型分布上呈现出什么特点。调查发现当地侗语口语中"的"的借用跟年龄、外出打工经历以及对母语的态度没有明显的关系;性别则是一个重要的变量,但这主要是由男女汉语文化程度以及与之紧密相关联的男女汉语运用能力差异造成的。同时,就类型分布而言,我们的语料显示当地侗语口语中所借入的"的"比"地"多得多;"的1"又比"的2"多得多。这说明当地侗语中的固有偏正结构(主要是名词性的)正在受到汉语偏正结构的冲击。要想保护文化多样性,首先得保持语言生态的相对平衡,研究侗语的汉化趋势及规律并进而提出相应的对策对保护我国民族语言和文化具有重要的现实意义。

Kam language is believed to be Chinesized not only in the sense that a big number of Chinese content words have continuously been borrowed from Chinese, but also in the sense that at the phrasal and syntactic level the original structures of modification of Kam are under the impact of the corresponding Chinese structures. A linguistic investigation was conducted into borrowed ＂de＂ from Han （Chinese） in oral Kam of Shangzhong town, Liping county of Guizhou, aiming to find out the relevant factors influencing the borrowing of ＂de＂ in local oral Kam and to dig out the distribution features of different types of borrowed＂ de＂in local oral Kam. Findings include 1 ） the borrowing of ＂de＂ in oral Kam has little to do with age, experience of migrating to work in the city and attitude towards mother tongue; 2） gender seems to be an important variable affecting the borrowing of ＂de＂, but the ultimate reason behind that should be the different competence of Han, which is, in turn, closely connected to the unequal level of school education between male and female interviewees ; 3 ） in terms of the layout of different types of ＂de＂ in local oral Kam, our data show that much more ＂dela＂s than ＂delb＂s have been borrowed into oral Kam while much more ＂del＂ than ＂de2＂ have been found in the speech of our interviewees. This tells us that the original Kam M - D construction ＂head ＋ attributive ＋ attributive auxiliary word （optional） ＂ is being challenged by Han M - D construction ＂attributive ＋ attributive auxiliary word ＋ head＂. To protect the diversity of culture, the first thing that should be done is to keep a relative balance of language ecology. In this sense, it is of practical significance to ethnic language and culture protection to make research into the Chinesization trend of Kam, trying to find out the laws, and then putting forward corresponding countermeasures to slow down or stop it.