侦查阶段初期的获得律师帮助权——基于欧洲人权法院判例的研究

Access to a Lawyer in the Early Stage of the Investigation:Based on the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights

在侦查初期获得专业律师提供的法律服务被公认为具有保障被追诉者诉讼权利的良好效果。欧洲人权法院在《欧洲人权公约》条文规定的基础上,通过判例创造并发展出一整套关于侦查初期被追诉者获得律师帮助的规则体系,在世界范围内处于领先地位。鉴于侦查阶段在刑事程序中的特殊重要作用,被追诉者应自第一次被讯问或被剥夺人身自由时起获得律师的帮助;在特定情况下,侦查当局可基于"迫不得已的理由"限制被追诉者获得律师帮助的权利,限制的正当性应根据个案情况予以考量;而且就程序整体而言,该限制不得损害公正审判之公约目的。欧洲人权法院判例法确立的标准具有综合性,重视权利的实质有效性,同时兼顾不同国内法的规定。在全面推进依法治国的背景下,我国应借鉴其先进经验,在现有成果的基础上结合实际情况细化和落实关于犯罪嫌疑人、被告人获得律师帮助的法律规定。

Access to a lawyer is considered to be one of the fundamental rights to make the fair trial come true. The ECHR has created a system of rules about access to a lawyer through judgments based on the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. On account of the importance of the investigation stage for the preparation of the criminal proceedings,the accused should have access to a lawyer since the beginning of first interrogation or the time of deprivation of liberty,unless it is demonstrated in the light of the particular circumstances of each case that there are compelling reasons to restrict this right. As to the whole criminal procedure,therestriction shall not prejudice the purpose of the fair trial. The case-law of ECHR is comprehensive and paying attention to the substantive validity of rights. And it can take into account the provisions of different domestic laws. In the context of a comprehensive push for the rule of law,we should learn from its advanced experience,combined with our actual situation,to refine and implement the legal requirements for the suspect,the defendant to obtain a lawyer＇s help.