汉语词汇演化中的复制与选择——以上古汉语禽类名称的演化为例

The Retention and Change of the Terms Referred to Poultry in Archaic Chinese

借鉴Croft基于话段的语言变化选择理论,考察源自上古汉语的禽类名称的历时演变,由此进一步探讨汉语词汇历时传承与演化的相关问题。词汇传承与变化的机制是复制与选择:古今未变的词通过规范复制传承至今,古今变化了的词其演变机制是变更复制。语言惯例影响禽类名称的选择与使用,中古以来汉语的禽类命名惯例是:1)"种+属"为命名的首选格式,基于基本层次范畴来分类、命名;2)追求命名的理据明晰,基于词法规则来命名;3)以多语素复音词为主。

Based on the utterance-based selectional theory of language change,this paper investigates the diachronic evolution of the terms referred to poultry which descended from the archaic Chinese,and probes into those issues related to the retention and change of the Chinese words which mechanism is replication and selection. The mechanism of the retention for those unchanged words is normal replication,and for the evolution of those changed words is altered replication. Language convention inflects the selection and usage of the terms referred to poultry,and the convention of the terms in Medieval Chinese as the following： 1） [spcies ＋ genus] is the primary naming pattern,classification and naming based on the basic level categories; 2） seeking for the transparent motivation and naming based on the morphological rules; 3） multi-morpheme polysyllabic words are in the majority.