中国古代书院官学化趋势探析

Analysis the Bureaucratization Trend of Chinese Classic Academy

中国古代书院的官学化有着多方面的原因。从社会层面看,最高统治者利用至高无上的政治权威和强大的权力附加值,通过赐书和任命山长等举措,既掌控了书院的发展动向,又促使书院走上了官学化的道路。从教育层面看,由于时代环境、儒家传统以及书院学统等因素的影响,士人群体没有形成真正独立的学术传统,这导致了书院无法摆脱官方的控制。从经济层面看,官方通过学田制等一系列举措,轻而易举地掌握了书院的发展经济命脉,为书院官学化奠定了坚实的物质基础。

The development trend of the bureaucratization of Chinese classic academy is not an accidental phenomenon. It has a profound social and cultural reasons. First,from the socialc level,the highest rulers use the supreme authority and powerful added value,they not only control the developing tendency of the academy,but also promote the academy on the path of the bureaucratization by giving the books and fields,appointed deans. Secondly,from education level,since the era environment,the Confucian and academy tradition and other factors,intellectual group don＇t form a truly independent academic tradition and education concept,it fundamentally determines that the academy can＇t get rid of the control of the official. Thirdly,from the economic level,the official strong appeal and cohesive force makes academy on a stable development at the same time,they easily grasp the economic lifeblood of academy through learning field system and a series of measures,which has laid a solid foundation of the bureaucratization.