面向真实性学习的问题设计与模型开发

Authentic Learning Problem Design and Model Development

真实性学习是当今学习科学领域的重要研究课题。真实性学习以真实世界的问题解决为载体,多元化实践共同体的参与以及领域内工具与符号的应用等为特征,引导学习者在解决实践领域内问题的过程中获得相关知识。学校学习脱离真实世界已被抨击多年,然而却因真实性问题设计理论的缺失以及实践领域若干问题的桎梏仍然困扰着当今的教学。为尝试推动该问题的解决,该研究以活动理论为基础,提出真实性问题设计的模型可包含三个层面的分析与设计,即知识层面设计、活动系统分析以及相关要素考量,通过分析知识产生与应用的活动要素及其关系,尝试回复真实世界问题境脉的复杂性。其中,对活动系统的分析包括活动目标、活动要素、活动子系统和活动结构四个层面,并将境脉、动态性等因素渗透其中。最后,该研究以垃圾分类为主题进行了问题设计案例的剖析。

Authentic learning is an important research field of learning sciences. Based on the real-world problem solving, authentic learning usually integrates diversified practice communities and domanial tools. The learners could access the knowledge during the process of authentic problem solving. Although school learning has been criticized for many years because of its＇ breaking away from the real world, but till now it is still a problem as there is few design methods for authentic learning problem and the obstacles existing in the practice. Based on the activity theory, the research will put forward an authentic problem design model which comprises knowledge design, activity system analysis and some other important factors effecting problem design. The complex context of the real-world problem will be made by the analysis of activity elements and their relations in which knowledge is created and applied. The activity system analysis will be unfolded into four levels：（1） clarify purpose of activity system;（2） analyze the activity elements;（3） analyze the activity sub-systems;（4） analyze the activity structure. The factors of context and dynamics will be also considered in the analysis of the whole activity system. At last, a case of garbage sorting which is designed based on the authentic problem design model will be shown and analyzed.