概念涵摄与规则适用:一个概念与逻辑的分析

Concept-Subsumption and Rule-Application: A Conceptual and Logical Analysis

在理论探讨与裁判实务中,人们经常会不自觉地将概念涵摄与规则适用在概念或逻辑上等同起来。这既不利于清晰地阐明司法推理的不同环节及其逻辑顺序,也会给本就质疑司法推理客观性的人们留下口实。概念涵摄与规则适用在概念上是有区别的,在逻辑上是不等值的。它们之间存在规范性的联系,即概念涵摄的成立给规则适用提供了推定的理由,这种理由在性质上既不同于初显的理由,也不同于终局的理由。对概念涵摄与规则适用之间区别与联系的澄清,有助于我们思考相关的法理学问题,特别是,它能够使我们在足够清晰的概念基础上谈论法律难题与司法推理的客观性。

In the practice and theoretical discussion of judicial reasoning, concept-subsumption is often confused conceptually or logically with rule-application. This confuse obstacles the clarifying of different steps and their logical order of judicial reasoning, and makes people tend to be skeptical about objectivity of it. So there is no conceptual or logical equivalent between concept-subsumption and rule- application. However, there is a normative connection between them. The former provides a presumptive reason for the latter, which can be distinguished from a prima facie reason or a conclusive reason. The clarification of the differences and connections between concept-subsumption and rule-application can help us with thinking about some related issues in jurisprudence. Most importantly, it can help us with thinking about legal diffi- culties and the objectivity of judicial reasoning in a conceptually clear way.