“高尚的蒙昧人”:法国启蒙思想家对新世界原住民的想象和建构

Noble-minded Barbaric People: French Enlightenment Thinkers' Imagined and Constructed the Aboriginals of the New World

在法国启蒙运动中,卢梭、伏尔泰、狄德罗等一些思想家将美洲和太平洋岛屿原住民的生活状态浪漫化和美化,通过想象和建构"高尚的蒙昧人"的自由平等来批评法国社会中的专制与不平等,使得"高尚的蒙昧人"观念成了法国启蒙思想家批评自身社会和反封建的"他者"武器。"高尚的蒙昧人"形象的建构,一方面是出于反对封建专制和倡导自由平等观念的需要;另一方面,一些前往新世界的传教士和殖民者的游记、日记、回忆录等,也为启蒙思想家们提供了想象和建构的素材。

Making a survey of royal prerogative in foreign affairs before the Glorious Revolution could not only add understandings to the power of king in the era of absolute monarchy,but also give an illustration to the academic disagreement on the relationship between the Glorious Revolution and the change of the royal prerogative in foreign affairs. In Tudor period,Elizabeth I made the royal control of foreign affairs as a prerogative of monarchy thereby forbade parliament interfere in this field. The validity of her behavior lied in that the power of making war or peace was a prerogative of Sovereignty and thereby owned the feature of absolute and exclusive. During Stuart age,while this prerogative came across troubles that the parliament claimed its rights of petition and free debate to provide suggestions on foreign affairs,the parliament also used its power of purse to compel Charles II to end his war. However,the royal prerogative was still intact at large because of the rights of parliament not yet admitted. Such historical process shows that the royal prerogative in foreign affairs would be changing with Sovereignty transferring and confirming the rights of petition and free speech. The former happened in the Glorious Revolution and the later came to be true in the 1689 Rights of Bill.