“漂泊”与“禁忌”:屠格涅夫小说的基督教命题

“Wandering” and “Taboo”:The Christian Proposition in Turgenev's Novels

在具有浓厚的宗教文化底蕴的俄罗斯文学之中,屠格涅夫的小说从表面上看较少基督教色彩,但实质上,其作品蕴含着潜在的基督教(东正教)命题。就其主要代表作品来看,基督教命题集中体现为两种文化表征——"漂泊"与"禁忌"。漂泊是东正教徒的理想生命形态,也是逃离世俗功业牢笼的途径;而禁忌则是为通向世俗功业所设置的障碍,也是使人保持在漂泊状态的保障。漂泊是屠格涅夫本人一生的追求与实践,从而塑成了他笔下的人物的漂泊品性,在这种漂泊品性中则隐含着作家对"英雄"的基督教式理解,即不以世俗功业、而以精神苦修论英雄。但按照这一标准塑造的"英雄"罗亭却被解读为"多余人",所以屠格涅夫再次塑造了另一个"行动"着的英雄——英沙罗夫,然而这种"行动"却违背了作家内在的英雄观,所以,他通过让人物跨越"禁忌"而受到"惩罚"的过程,消解了他的"行动"的意义,最终重新使之回归于"活在信念"中的英雄。

With a strong religious and cultural heritage of Russian literature,Turgenev＇s novels,outwardly,are tinted with little Christian tradition.However,his works inwardly contain the potential Christian（Eastern Orthodoxy） proposition.In his representative novels,the Christian proposition is embodied by two kinds of cultural representations–＂wandering＂ and ＂taboo＂.Wandering is an ideal life pattern for Orthodox Christians,and also a way to break away from the shackles of the worldly achievements.However,taboo is an obstacle to the secular achievements and a guarantee of keeping people wandering.In fact,wandering is his lifelong pursuit and practice which are achieved by his protagonists with wandering personalities.The wandering personalities imply the Christian interpretation for the hero who is in pursuit of the spiritual mortification instead of the secular achievements.In Turgenev＇s novel,Rudin,as a redundant person,fails to meet the standard of ＂hero＂.Therefore,Turgenev creates another ＂action＂ hero,Insarov.However,the ＂action＂ virtually violates author＇s views on the standard of ＂hero＂.Thus,in the process of crossing ＂taboo＂ to ＂being punished＂,Turgenev deconstructs the meaning of the protagonist＇s action,ultimately returning to the hero with conviction.