不同菠萝品种矿质养分的积累特性及利用效率

A study on the mineral nutrient accumulation properties and use efficiency in different pineapple varieties

【目的】研究不同菠萝品种的养分积累特性及对养分的利用效率,为海南几个主栽菠萝品种高效施肥和筛选高效、高经济效益的菠萝品种提供理论依据。【方法】以‘台农17号’菠萝(‘TN17’)、‘台农11号’菠萝(‘TN11’)、‘金菠萝’(‘MD-2’)、‘无刺卡因’菠萝(‘SC’)4个菠萝品种为材料,在成熟期测定产量及各部位生物量和氮、磷、钾、钙、镁含量,同时比较各菠萝品种的基础地力贡献率、肥料贡献率、肥料农学效率、肥料偏生产力、肥料利用率和经济效益。【结果】(1)施肥能显著提高菠萝的产量,‘SC’干物质积累量和产量最高,分别为36.98 t·hm-2和55.73 t·hm-2,‘SC’增产21.93 t·hm-2(64.88%)。(2)菠萝的干物质累积量与其产量呈极显著正相关。(3)每产1 000 kg菠萝果实,‘MD-2’带走的总养分量(26.47 kg·1 000 kg^(-1))最大,其次是‘TN17’的25.91 kg·1 000 kg^(-1);且‘MD-2’对N、K、Mg表现出较高的需要量。(4)肥料对各菠萝品种的贡献率较低,平均为33%,对‘SC’和‘MD-2’的贡献率分别为39.32%、36.41%。(5)‘SC’的肥料农学效率(10.39 kg·kg^(-1))和肥料偏生产力(20.70 kg·kg^(-1))最高,其农学效率分别比‘TN17’‘TN11’和‘MD-2’高出78.22%、143.32%、19.70%。(6)各品种的磷肥利用率最低,平均为11.94%,‘TN11’最低(7.24%);‘MD-2’的氮钾肥利用效率较高,‘SC’对磷钙肥的利用效率较高;其中‘TN17’的各肥料利用率居平均水平。(7)‘MD-2’的经济效益最好,净收益平均每hm2为435 986.3元,较‘TN17’‘TN11’‘SC’分别增收76.05%、135.76%、102.18%。【结论】‘MD-2’具有高产、高效和高经济效益的品种优势,4个菠萝品种的养分需求和肥料利用效率存在差异。种植户应因菠萝品种特性进行科学施肥,在实现菠萝高产的同时实现高效及改善环境效益。

[ Objectives ] China has good diversity of pineapple eultivars. However, cultivation of pineapple is based on management which is basically the same across different cuhivars. The unreasonable fertilization strategy and the shortage of diverse variety structure has become the most important restricting factor in the development of pineapple industry in China. The aim of the present work was to compare nutrient accumulation properties and use efficiency in different pineapple varieties under the same fertilization regime so as to provide theoretical and practical references for nutrient management and selection of best pineapple varieties in Hainan province. The biomass production and mineral accumulating properties and fertilizer efficiency nutrients in different pineapple varieties were examined. [ Methods] Four pineapple cultivars were used as materials, namely‘ Tainong No. 17＇ （‘ TN17＇）, ＇Tainong No. 11＇ （‘TN 11＇）, ＇ Del Monte Gold＇（‘MD-2＇）, and ＇Smooth Cayenne＇（‘SC＇）. A field plot experiment was conducted in Hainan Wanzhong breeding farm which belongs to Jianfeng town in Ledong county. At maturity, all plants were harvested to record yield of each plot. Meanwhile, whole plant samples were obtained by uprooting and roots washed with tap water, and the biomass of each part was determined. The contents of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in different parts were measured. Fertilizer contribution rate （FCR）, the nutrient agronomic effi- ciency （AE）, partial factor productivity （PFP）, and apparent recovery efficiency of applied nutrient （RE） in the four varieties of pineapple were compared. [Results] （1） In the non-fertilization treatment, the average pineapple yield was 30.09 t-hm-2. Fertilization significantly increased dry matter accumulation and yield for all the pineapple varieties. ‘SC＇ had the highest dry matter production and yield, which were 36.98 t＂ hm-2 and 55.73 t. hm-2, respectively, with a yield increment of 21.93 t. hm-2 （64.88%） compared to the non-fertilization treatment. The percentage of yield increase was 57.37% in‘MD-2＇, followed by 46.96% in ‘TN17＇ and 31.72% in ＇TN11 ＇. The order of the dry matter accumulation in the four pineap ple varieties was ‘SC＇ 〉 ‘ MD-2＇ 〉 ‘TN 17＇ 〉 ‘TN11＇. （2） The dry matter of leaves was higher than the other plant parts in all varieties. A significant positive relationship was observed between the whole plant dry matter and yield across pineapple varieties and the linear regression equation was y=1.529 8x-0.056 8, R2=0.902＊＊. （3） For production of 1 000 kg fruit （NRF）,‘ MD-2＇ needed the highest amount of total nutri- ents （26.47 kg per 1 000 kg）, followed by ‘TN17＇ （25.91 kg per 1 000 kg）. ‘MD-2＇ had higher require- ments especially for N, K and Mg. The absorption amount of various nutrients was in the order of K〉N〉 Ca〉P〉Mg. （4） FCR was low for each pineapple variety, with an average value of 33%; ‘ SC＇ and ‘ MD-2＇ had a relatively higher FCR, being 39.32% and 36.41%, respectively. （5） ‘SC＇ had the highest AE （10.39 kg· kg-1） and PFP （20.70 kg. kg-1）, and its AE was 78.22%, 143.32%, and 19.70% higher compared to ‘TN17＇, ‘TN11＇ and ‘MD-2＇, respectively. （6） RE of P fertilizer was the lowest in each pineapple vari- ety, with an average value of 11.94%, and ‘TN 11＇ had the lowest value （7.24%）; ＇MD-2＇ had higher RE for N and K fertilizers while ‘SC＇ had higher RE for P and Ca fertilizers; ‘TN 17＇ had an average level of RE for all the nutrients tested. （7） ‘MD-2＇ had the best economic benefit, with a net profit of 435 986.3 Yuan· hm-2, being 76.05%, 135.76%, and 102.18% higher compared to ‘ TN 17＇, ‘TN 11＇ and ‘SC＇, respectively; the greatest ratio of output to input was 3.92：1 from MD-2 as well. [Conclusion] Compared with the traditional varieties under Hainan conventional fertilizer condition,‘MD-2＇ pineap- ple has higher yield, higher RE and higher economic profit. ‘TN17＇ is another new variety with higher NRF and medium FCR. The single cultivar of pineapple has been unable to meet the needs of consumers, and extending pineapple industry. The development of new valuable cultivars is urgent. Among the new cultivars, ‘MD-2＇ and ‘TN17＇ meet the market demands and display good productivity. In conclusion, understanding the pineapple variety characteristics and the development of scientific fertilization manage- ment are important for achieving higher yield and higher commercial and environmental benefits.