再论巫蛊之祸——以卫氏宠衰与昭帝承统为中心的考察

Further Discussion about the Case of Witchcraft——Focus on the Rise and Fall of the Wei Family and Emperor Zhao's Succession to the Throne

卫太子巫蛊狱是巫蛊之祸的重要节点,前后发生的巫蛊狱起因、目的与性质各自区别。巫蛊狱前,武帝已对异端近身、"不类己"的卫太子之态度大为转变。公孙贺巫蛊狱标志着巫蛊之祸的开始;是狱汉武帝对卫氏集团予以重击,这很可能使武帝产生利用巫蛊对卫氏进行政治审查的想法;征和二年,太子巫蛊事件、太子发兵事件的发生是武帝始料未及的,也正因此武帝终于下定铲除太子的决心。卫太子狱发生后,武帝于征和二年"感寤",征和三年"大感寤",意味着武帝看清了自己晚年对嗣君问题的犹豫引发朝中各集团的"嗣君之争"。转而将矛头转向觊觎继嗣、扰乱朝纲的集团势力,利用巫蛊铲除障碍,进行政治整肃运动。征和三四年间不仅将李氏集团覆灭,还明确表示刘弗陵"类己",公开表达选定之继承人,并为此做了一系列努力,效果显著,汉昭帝刘弗陵在托孤大臣的拥立下顺利承统。

The Crown Prince Wei＇s witchcraft was an important link in the Case of Witchcraft. The origin,purpose and the nature of the witchcraft before and after were quite different. Before the Case of Witchcraft,Emperor Wu had greatly changed his attitude towards the Crown Prince Wei,who believed in heresy and had no common interest with Emperor Wu. The Case of the Gongsun He＇s Witchcraft marked the beginning of the witchcraft imprisonment. As a result of this,Emperor Wu gave the Wei Family a heavy blow,which,most probably,made Emperor Wu conceive the idea of imposing political censorship on Wei Group by the excuse of the Case of Witchcraft. Emperor Wu never expected the occurrence of the Case of Prince Wei＇s Witchcraft and Military Event in 91 B. C,it was for this very reason that Emperor Wu was determined to wipe out the Crown Prince Wei and Wei＇s Group. After that,in 91 B. C. and 90 B. C.,Emperor Wu came to realize his hesitation about the Crown Prince,which led to the intensifying conflicts for the crown prince among various groups.Soon afterwards,Emperor Wu in his later years turned to attack those coveting the succession of throne and disrupting the imperial court,and launched political purges in the name of witchcraft. In 90 B. C. and 89 B.C.,Prince Li＇s Group was cleaned up. Meanwhile,Emperor Wu publicly announced that Prince Liu Fu-ling was chosen to be his successor because of much similarity between them. Emperor Wu made a lot of remarkable efforts and paved the way for Liu Fu-ling,Emperor Zhao＇s smooth succession to the throne,supported by entrusting ministers.