汉魏六朝的徒歌传播述论

On Spread of Songs without Accompaniment in Han,Wei and Six Dynasties Periods

徒歌本是指一种用肉声歌唱的方式,在传播方式上具有行路而歌的特点,后来将以无章曲传唱的韵语也称为徒歌。汉魏六朝的徒歌有创作主体与传播主体一致的杂歌、有创作主体与传播主体不一致的民歌和民谣三种。杂歌是创作与传播同时进行的即兴歌唱,传播的范围和时间相对有限;民歌、民谣主要在闾里巷路传唱,行游性特点鲜明、传播迅速广远。历代帝王都很重视察听风谣以观民情,历史上也不乏利用歌谣这一特殊功能,制造舆论、号集民众,达到其政治意意图的事例。歌谣行路而歌的传唱方式,也使之获得了广泛的传播效果,很多被宫廷吸收改造,成为娱乐性乐歌。

Songs without accompaniment originally were sung only through singers＇ sounds,and the spreadingmodes were featured by singers＇ singings without accompaniment in walking.And later songs without tunes were al-so included in this type of songs.In Han,Wei and Six Dynasties periods,Songs without accompaniment includedmiscellaneous songs in which the creators were actually the singers,and folk songs and ballads which were notspread by the creators but by the singers.Miscellaneous songs were impromptu singings in which creation andspreading took place at the same time,and they had relatively limited spreading scope and time.Folk songs and bal-lads were sung along streets or lanes,and they were spread quickly and widely.Some of the ancient emperors wentout for inspections by listening to the songs.And in the history,there were also the cases in which the songs wereused to make public opinions,to convene the mass,and to achieve political intent.Singing while walking madesongs without accompaniment get a wide range of communication effect,and made them be absorbed into the palaceto be entertainment music as well.