施肥枪分次追施对贵州春马铃薯产量、结薯性状及土壤肥力的影响

Effect of Top-dressing Fertilizer with Fertilizer Applicator on Yield,Tuber Traits of Spring Potato and Soil Fertility in Guizhou Province

为探究施肥枪施肥技术在贵州春马铃薯生产中的应用效果,采用田间试验方法研究了施肥枪分次施肥对马铃薯产量、结薯性状、养分与品质以及土壤肥力状况的影响。结果表明,与习惯施肥(CK2)相比,采用施肥枪分次施肥可显著提高马铃薯产量0.6%~19.6%,且随着追施比例的增加,马铃薯产量呈递增趋势,以20%基施+80%分次追施(T4)处理的产量最高,达到26 195 kg/hm2;40%基施+60%分次追施(T3)和20%基施+80%分次追施(T4)处理的马铃薯单株产量较习惯施肥(CK2)分别提高18.6%和26.0%,单株结薯数、大中薯数以及大中薯率的增加是马铃薯增产的原因;采用施肥枪分次施肥可以提高马铃薯茎块的含氮、磷、钾量,并改善马铃薯品质,以20%基施+80%分次追施(T4)处理效果最佳,其含氮、磷、钾以及淀粉量较习惯施肥(CK2)分别提高2.7%、22.2%、10.4%和41.2%,但对马铃薯还原糖量影响不大;施肥枪分次施肥可改善土壤肥力状况,尤其是在提高土壤p H值、土壤全钾和速效钾量方面较为明显,此外通过逐步回归分析发现马铃薯产量与马铃薯淀粉量和土壤碱解氮量存在极显著的相关性。综上所述,施肥枪分次施肥可适用于西南丘陵旱地马铃薯种植栽培,以20%基施+80%分次追施(T4)效果最佳。

Field experiments were conducted aimed to examine the efficacy of top-addressing fertilizers using fertilizer applicator in improving spring potato production in Guizhou Province. During the experiment, we measured potato yield, tuber traits, N, P and K, as well as soil fertility. Five combinations of base fertilization and top-dressing fertilization were evaluated, and the conventional fertilization without top-dressing fertilizer was taken as control （CK2）. The ratios of base fertilization to top- dressing fertilization we examined were 80 ： 20 （T1）, 60： 40 （T2）, 40： 60 （T3）, and 20 ： 80 （T4）. The results showed that compared with CK2, top-dressing fertilization increased the potato yield from 0.6%-19.6%, and the yield increased as the ratio of base fertilization to top-dressing fertilization increased; T4 gave the highest yield at 26 195 kg/hm^2. It was also found that compared with CK2, T3 and T4 increased the yield per plant by 18.6% and 26%, respectively. The increase in per plant tu- bers, large and medium tubers and the rate of large to medium tubers was the main reasons behind the increased potato yield. Top-addressing fertilizers also increased N, P and K contents and potato quality, especially T4 which increased N, P, K and starch contents by 2.7%, 22.2%, 10.4% and 41.2%, respectively, compared with CK2. However, no significant difference was found in sugar content between different treatments. Soil fertility was improved with top-dressing fertilizer, particularly soil pH, bioavailable and total potassium. Stepwise regression analysis showed a significant correlation between yield, starch and soil alkali nitrogen. In summary, top- dressing fertilization with the fertilizer applicator is an improved fertilization technology for spring potato grown in hilly drylands in Guizhou Province, and the 20 ： 80 of base and top-dressing fertilizations ratio appeared to be most efficient.