奥古斯丁双城学说中的和平概念

The Concept of Peace in the Augustine's Theory on “Two Cities”

奧古斯丁《上帝之城》中的双城学说是现代政治观念的重要思想来源之一。他的永久和平理念启发了后世的历史哲学,各种现代历史哲学常常被视为肇始于他的基督教历史神学的世俗化版本。不过,奧古斯丁认为尘世羁旅之人永远无法摆脱精神与肉身之间的紧张,故而他不会同意后者将天上之城的永久和平搬到地上。在这一点上他与现代思想有着决然的距离。但另一方面,他以构想天上之城成员的方式构想地上之城的成员,故视共和为对正义有共同认可的价值共同体而非一民族的利益共同体,从而使得国家得以跨出民族、种族的自然界限,能在一普遍的规范性尺度下加以衡量。这已为现代历史哲学发展出跨民族、跨文化的人类共同体观念埋下伏笔,而历史进步论唯有在具有人类共同体观念的基础上才可能成立。

Augustine＇s City of God is one of the important sources of the modern political ideas. His concept of perpetu- al peace had inspired the later generations of historical philosophers, whose ideas were usually regarded as the secularization of the Christen theology of history which can be traced back to him. However,becanse of the inextricable tension between spirit and flesh, Augustine wouldn＇t agree that they might move the perpetual peace of the city of heaven to the earth. At this point he is far away from the modern thoughts. On the other hand,while conceptualizing the membership of the city of earth as the membership of the city of heaven, he regarded the republic as a community of values which has a consensus on what is justice rather than a national community of interests, so that the state must be judged by a universal norm because it can cross the national and ethical boundaries. This has paved the way for the modern philosophy of history to develop the idea of cross-ethnic, cross-cultural community of human beings, and the historical progressivism can only make sense on the basis of the notion of the human community.