《资本论》中的“历史”概念——阿尔都塞解读《资本论》的关键问题

The Concept of History in Das Kapital——The Key Question of Althusser's Interpreting Das Kapital

在《哲学的贫困》中,马克思指责古典经济学的范畴是非历史的,而没有将其看成是"历史的、暂时的产物"。在阿尔都塞看来,这一"历史的责难"并不是马克思最终的批判,且引起了极其严重的误解:把马克思的"历史"概念混淆为历史主义。一切历史主义的基本结构就在于黑格尔历史概念的同时代性,这种同时代性被作为理论条件强加于马克思主义的整体结构。于是,马克思主义的历史就重新变成了意识形态的历史概念。在阿尔都塞看来,马克思的"历史"是以社会整体结构为基础的一个"没有主体或目的的过程",《资本论》构成了"真正的历史科学"。它所追求的完全不是理解作为历史的结果的社会的产生机制,而是理解这种结果即现存的现实社会产生社会作用的机制。

In the Poverty of Philosophy, Marx denounced the category of classical economics as non - historical, rather than ＂his- torical, temporary product＂. In Ahhusser＇ s view, the ＂historical censure＂ is not Marx＇ s ultimate critique and causes a serious misun- derstanding： confusing Marx＇ s concept of history with historicism. The basic structure of all historicism lies in the contemporaneous trait of Hegel＇ s concept of history, which is imposed on the Overall structure of Marxism as a theoretical condition. Hence, the concept of history in Marxism has become the concept of ideology. In Althusser＇ s view, Marx＇ s concept of history is a ＂process of non - sub- ject or purpose＂ based on the overall structure of society. Das Kapital constitutes the ＂true historical science＂, which pursue is com- pletely not understanding the generation mechanism of the society as a result of history, but understanding the result, that is, the mechanism of producing s^cia[ function in existing society.