比例原则适用的跨学科审视与反思

Interdisciplinary Scrutiny and Reflection on the Principle of Proportionality

发源于18世纪末期德国警察法的比例原则,在规范结构上实现了从"三阶"到"四阶"的转变,在适用范围上实现了从行政法到宪法、刑法、诉讼法、税法、经济法、民商法、国际法等多领域的扩张。关于比例原则的本质,主要存在"常识论"、"平衡论"、"成本收益分析论"等观点。比例原则具有实现国家权力结构的平衡,实现权力与权利、权利与权利的平衡,实现政府与市场的平衡等多种功能。对比例原则的适用范围还存有争论。比例原则应当成为权力与权利行使的基本准则,但比例原则并不是万能的。对于如何推进比例原则适用的精细化,主要存在比例原则的"类型化"适用、"公式化"适用、"商谈"适用等路径。未来比例原则的适用发展,应当抽象化与精细化并举。

The principle of proportionality originated in the late 18 th Century German po- lice law, realized from the ＂three levels＂ to ＂four levels＂ in the normative structure, and spread from the administrative law to the Constitution, criminal law, procedural law, tax law, economic law, civil and commercial law, international law and other areas of expan- sion. For the nature of the principle of proportionality, there are main ＂common sense＂, ＂balance theory＂, ＂cost-benefit analysis＂, and so on. The principle of proportionality has the functions of realizing the balance of state power structure, realizing the balance between power and rights, rights and rights, realizing the balance between government and mar- ket. The scope of application of the proportionality principle is still controversial. The principle of proportionality should be the basic criterion for the exercise of power and rights, but the principle of proportionality is not omnipotent. For the refinement of how to promote the principle of proportionality, there are mainly the ＂classification＂ application, the ＂for- mula＂ application and the ＂discourse＂ application, and so on. The future development of the principle of proportionality should be abstracted and refined simultaneously.