近世日本“自文化中心主义”的初步形成--以《大学》《中庸》的“日本化”为中心

The Initial Formation of Ethnocentrism in Modern Japan:The “Japanization” of The Great Learning and Doctrine of the Mean

壬辰战争的失败和清朝的统一意味着日本在军事层面扭转中日落差行动的破灭,但明清鼎革给江户日本带来了"华夷变态"的直接反映,为日本在文化层面扭转中日落差提供了契机。然而,中日之间悬殊的文化落差毕竟是日本难以逾越的鸿沟。于是,以古学派为主的江户学者认为,朱子学把佛老思想引入儒学的严重后果是中国在文化上的"由华变夷"。江户学者通过对《大学》和《中庸》的新诠,将其去"中国脉络化"而建"日本脉络化",其重点不再阐述"格物穷理"、"天道性命"、"人心道心",而着重论述"人伦日用之道",并以政治而非道德为中心,"伦理意识"逐渐让位于"政治事功",进而在文化层面上实现日本的"脱夷入华",为日本文化的中心主义提供学理支撑,初步完成了近世日本"自文化中心主义"的建构,对其历史进程产生了重要影响。

The failure of the Japanese invasion of Korea in the 1590s and China’s unification under the Qing dynasty signified the collapse of the movement to close the gap between China and Japan by military means.However,dynastic change from the Ming to the Qing was directly reflected in Edo Japan’s kaihentai(changeover of Chinese and barbarians),which provided Japan with the chance to close the gap in cultural terms.Even so,the cultural gulf between China and Japan was one that Japan found hard to bridge.The above developments gave Japanese scholars of Ancient Learning,in particular,the idea that Zhu Xi’s introduction into Confucianism of Buddhist and Taoist thought had had the serious consequence of converting orthodox Chinese culture into barbarian culture.In reinterpreting The Great Learningand Doctrine of the Mean,Edo scholars deleted the Chinese pedigree of these works and established a Japanese one.They no longer emphasized gewu qiongli(investigation of things and fathoming of principles),tiandao xingming(the Way of Heaven and human affairs),and renxin daoxin(the human mind and the moral mind),but instead stressed the way of ethics in everyday life.Focusing on politics rather than morality and replacing moral consciousness with political achievement,they enabled Japanese culture to shed'barbarism'and enter the Sinosphere,offered Japanese ethnocentrism principled support,and perfected the initial development of modern Japan’s ethnocentrism,with significant consequences for the course of the country’s historical progress.