羸弱与担当:灾荒视域下的清代妇女及其家庭反哺——以《流民记》为中心的考察

Weakness and Tenacity: the Women of Qing Dynasty and Their Families Under the Sight of Famine——A Survey of the Records of Refugees

清代妇女身份低微,灾荒史研究中的妇女多是国家政府视角下的被救助者。事实上,清代妇女在家庭生产劳动及家务操持方面尚有较大的自由空间,灾荒困境下妇女经常采取佣工、联姻、乞讨、自鬻、入客店等多种途径开展家庭自救,委屈乃至牺牲自我以保全其他家庭成员的反哺行为多有发生。长居于弱势而不失其家庭担当,这固然与社会经济、文化环境的长期施压有关,更与妇女孕育生命、家庭本位的社会性别意识有着根本连结。

The status of women was lower in the Qing Dynasty. The women in the study of famine history were mostly rescu- ers from the perspective of the national government. In fact, the women in the Qing Dynasty have a greater freedom of space in the productive labor and housework. They always help their families working as a servant in some houses and inns, or though marriage, begging, selling themselves, sacrificing themselves for the good of their families. They were in weaker position but responsibility for their families, which, of course, related with the pressure from the social economy and cul- tural environment, but also with a gender awareness of woman giving birth and family-oriented.