德国联邦宪法法院的抽象规范审查程序

The Procedure of Abstract Review of Norms by German Constitutional Court

德国违宪审查制度是最具代表性的宪法保障制度之一。抽象规范审查是为弥补美式具体司法审查的不足而发展起来的一种客观规范审查程序。抽象规范审查是在由于联邦制而形成的规范审查、法官的规范审查权以及规范审查权集中于宪法法院等基础上发展起来的。基本法对抽象规范审查程序作了规定,联邦宪法法院则对之作了具体化。经由对基本法和联邦宪法法院法有关抽象审查的受理要件、审查依据、判决形式和效力、特别程序的规定以及相关学说与判例的介绍和分析,可以发现,即便在德国,抽象规范审查作为宪法保障制度所发挥的功能也非常有限,在缺乏具体案件的情况下,宪法法院不仅可能对法律难以有充分的认识,而且容易沦为咨询机关及政党斗争的工具,损害司法权威。

The German constitutional review system has long been a model of constitu- tional enforcement followed and to be followed by other countries in the world. The procedure for abstract review of norms is an objective procedure established to make up for the deficiencies of the US model of concrete judicial review. It has been founded on the bases of federalism, ju- dicial review and centralization of judicial review. The procedure was established by the Basic Law of Germany and concretized by the Law of German Constitutional Court. A close examina- tion of the preconditions and tests of the procedures, the forms and validities of the decisions, the special procedures, and the relevant theories and precedents shows that the functions of the abstract review mechanism are limited. Moreover, the authority of the Court itself might be un- dermined by the false understanding of a disputed norm in the context of abstractive review with- out concrete case and the Court might be reduced to a consultancy or a puppet of other organs.