世界主义的新视角:从个体主义走向全球主义

A New Perspective of Cosmopolitanism:From Individualism to Globalism

源远流长的世界主义在全球化时代再度复兴,并提出了研究的新议程、新要求。传统的、主流的世界主义坚持个体本位,强调个体是道德、价值、权利与义务的终极单位。尽管它主张个体权利、地位、身份在全球的普适性,具有普遍主义的基因,但其所理解的普遍性更多局限于空间的意义,并未承认人类作为一个独立主体的整体性和利益的共同性,也未真正关注个体与人类的关系,所以,这种世界主义只能称作个体主义的世界主义。作者提出并论证了与个体主义相对应的全球主义的世界主义,它坚持人类本位,倡导全球主义,主张人类成为独立的主体,从而克服了个体主义的世界主义中个体与人类关系的理论缺失,回应了全球化时代全球性日益彰显的现实。全球主义的世界主义必须澄清全球主义与世界主义的关系,避免堕入社群主义的陷阱,坚持走理论融合之路,在世界主义与社群主义、普遍主义与特殊主义之间架起桥梁。

The long-standing cosmopolitanism re-revived in the era of globalization and put forward the new agenda and new requirements for the research.Traditional mainstream cosmopolitanism insists on individualism,emphasizing that the individuals are the ultimate unit of morality,value,rights and obligations.Although it advocates individual rights,status,identity in the global universality and thus has a universalist characteristic,its universality is to a large extent limited to the sense of space,which does not recognize the humans as independent subjects of integrity and the commonality of interests,and does not pay due attention to the relationship between an individual and the human beings as a whole,so this kind of cosmopolitanism can only be called individualistic cosmopolitanism.This paper presents and demonstrates globalistic cosmopolitanism that corresponds to individualism cosmopolitanism,and it insists on human race base and globalism.It argues that human beings become independent subjects,thus overcoming the theoretical shortage of relationship between individual and human race in individualistic cosmopolitanism,and also responds to the reality that globality is increasingly prominent in the era of globalization.Globalistic cosmopolitanism must clarify two issues.First,the relationship between globalism and cosmopolitanism.Globalism is a kind of study based on human race,which differs from cosmopolitanism.And only when the globalism based on human race is well interpreted can the mainstream cosmopolitan's meaning,namely individualistic cosmopolitanism,be more profoundly recognized by people.The second is to avoid falling into the trap of communitarianism.Globalistic cosmopolitanism,while at the phenomenal level,is in the same way as communitarianism,embodies that the subject of morality is the community rather than the individual,and its value orientation favors collectivism rather than individualism.But it must be clear that the community of communitarianism is the nation-state,while what globalistic cosmopolitanism calls community refers specifically to human race.Globalistic cosmopolitanism favoring collectivism is different from the general sense of collectivism.It is a kind of human holism beyond the nation-state and respects the common values and common interests of human race.Thus,cosmopolitanism cannot be confused with communitarianism.Globalistic cosmopolitanism sticks to the path of theoretical integration and bridges the gap between cosmopolitanism and communitarianism,universalism and specialism.