网球运动员身体形态的非对称性适应及损伤监控研究进展

The Asymmetric Adpation of Tennis Players' Body Morphology and Research Progress in Injury Monitoring

网球运动员身体形态的非对称性适应是专项机械负荷导致的身体形态、成分非对称性的程度与模式。其中,上肢肌肉是以优势臂三角肌、肱三头肌、上臂屈肌等力量为主导,结合前臂屈肌、小肌群与之形成的三连体收缩模式协同克服专项机械负荷而导致肌肉形态6%~21%的非对称性适应过程;上肢骨骼是以青春期训练的骨膜扩张机制所形成的骨微观结构为主,导致骨形态11%~25%的非对称性扩大,从而增强11%~66%骨力量的非对称性成骨效应;躯干主要以核心肌群集中于腰椎中、下端的典型非对称性肥大所体现出的横向单侧、双向独立、弥补、叠加等多种负荷效应,协同克服专项机械负荷,从而导致8%~35%的非对称性适应过程。此外,网球运动员身体非对称性发展过程中引发的肩、腹、髋等部位关节形态异常、肌组织机能退变、力量失衡等不同程度,提示着损伤风险,建议通过适当减少负荷量、改变负荷方式、发展对称的肌群力量以及优先形成科学、合理的专项技术等训练学手段来阻断、减慢非对称性进程以预防损伤或进行康复。

The tennis players＇ body asymmetry is the degree and pattem of tennis mechanical load. Tennis players＇ upper limb muscles asymmetry is that the dominant ann deltoid, triceps, upper arm flexor as the prominent force, combined with the forearm flexor muscle, small muscle groups with the triad mode to overcome special mechanical load caused by muscle morphology 6%~21% of the asymmetric adaptation process. Upper limb skeletal periosteal expansion mechanism of puberty training to form the main bone microstructure, leading to 11%-25% of the asymmetry of bone morphology, so that bone strength increased 11%~66% of the asymmetric osteogenic effect.The main asymmetrical hypertrophy of the trunk muscle group focused on the middle and lower lumbar verte- brae showed a variety of load effects synergistic to overcome the specific mechanical load, resulting in 8-35% of the asymmetric adaptation process~ Joint morphological abnormalities, muscle tissue degeneration, strength imbalance occured in the shoulder, abdomen, hip during the process of tennis players＇ body asymmetry indicates the different degree of injury risk. Appropriate to decrease the load, change the load mode, develop symmetrical muscle strength and priority to form scientific and reasonable specific techniques and so on can be used to block, slow down the asymmetric process to prevent injury or rehabilitation.