体操平衡木项目前空翻类动作技术的运动学分析

Kinematic Analysis of Forward Somersault Movements in Gymnastics Balance Beam Event

目的:前空翻类动作在平衡木比赛中使用频率最高。通过对比4个不同难度前空翻动作和不同水平运动员完成相同难度动作时的运动学指标差异,探讨不同难度动作在动作技术上的内在联系和顶尖运动员的动作技术特点,为运动员学习掌握前空翻类高难度动作提供科学依据。方法:对两次全国体操锦标赛的20个前空翻类动作(9个A难度,8个B难度和3个C难度)和国家队训练时的1个D难度动作进行高速三维拍摄。应用SIMI进行图像解析,SPSS 21.0进行统计学分析。结果:运动员完成高难度动作时,助跑速度较高、起跳水平速度减少值较大、起跳蹬伸时间较短、起跳角较大(接近垂直90°)、垂直腾空速度较大,但水平腾空速度无差异。顶尖运动员完成较低难度动作时同样表现出以上运动学特征。结论:顶尖运动员完成高难度动作和低难度动作时,均表现出在有限距离内获得更大助跑水平速度的出色加速能力,将助跑积累的水平速度转化为垂直速度的优秀速度转化能力,将腾空时水平速度保持在适当范围的非常精准的速度控制能力,控制起跳角非常接近垂直角度的良好姿态控制能力。建议:运动员在学习高难度动作前应注重发展下肢力量素质以及速度和姿态控制能力。

Objective： Forward somersault movements are most utilized in gymnastics balance beam event. This paper analyzed the kinematic indicators differences of different difficulties movements and the same difficulty movements completed by athletes with different levels, further to investigate the inner relationships in technique between movements of different difficulties and technique feature of top athlete, finally to provide insights into learning high difficulty forward somersault movements for gymnasts. Methods： The images of twenty forward somersault movements performed in National Gymnastics Champion Competition （nine movements of difficulty A, eight movements of difficulty B, three movements of difficulty C） and one forward somersault movement of difficulty D completed in the National Gymnastics Training Center were recorded by two high speed cameras. SIMI software was used to digitize the recorded images in 3D, and SPSS 21.0 was employed for statistical analysis. Results： When gymnasts performed high difficulty movement, run-up speed, horizontal speed reduction and vertical speed while take-off, take-off angle （nearly ninety degree in vertical direction） were significantly larger, and push-off duration before take-off was significantly short. However, the aerial horizontal speeds were not significantly different between movements of different difficulties. The same kinematic features were also observed when a top gymnast performed low difficulty movements. Conclusions： The characters of top athlete completing movements of high and low difficulties were the excellent acceleration ability to get a larger velocity at the end of run-up, the excellent velocity transformation ability to transform horizontal velocity into vertical velocity, the precise speed control ability to limit the horizontal speed at take-off within a proper range, the precise posture control ability to control jumping angle nearly in the vertical direction. Suggestions： the athletes are strongly suggested to develop strength of lower extremities and the ability of controlling velocity and posture before learning movements of high difficulty.