论亚里士多德式实践推理的三重结构——制作推理、伦理推理到叙事推理

A study of Aristotelian triple framework of productive,ethical and narrative reasoning in his practical reasoning

实践推理是亚里士多德实践智慧结构的主要内容,如理论推理一样,呈现为三段论的形式。当代行动哲学把实践推理看作对行动因果性的解释,但这种行动推理只是说明了行动形式的合理性。在实践哲学中,亚里士多德阐述了用于制作活动的制作推理和用于伦理活动的伦理推理,分别由技艺与德性和实践智慧保证了行动的实质合理性。它们不仅能够解释行动的原因,更能够用来指导正确的行动。其中,伦理推理是实践智慧的结构性要素,它能够贯通具体行动与实践的最高善。但这种实践推理只能表达主体单一视角的行动筹划,而不能客观地展示实践的复杂性和过程性,因此必须过渡到展现在悲剧中的叙事推理。叙事推理是涵盖行动者、旁观者和潜在行动者三个视角的综合推理。因此,亚里士多德的实践智慧是包含了制作推理、伦理推理和叙事推理的三重结构。

Practical reasoning,as the representation of human deliberation,is the main content of the structure of Aristotelian practical wisdom.Its form is like theoretical reasoning and that of syllogism.The contemporary philosophy of action takes practical reasoning as the explanation of the causality of actions,which just explains the formal rationality of action.In his practical philosophy,Aristotle expounds two kinds of practical reasoning,namely,productive and ethical reasoning.They could guarantee the substantial rationality of human action respectively by virtue of techne and phronesis.In them,ethical reasoning is the constitutive element of practical wisdom,which could make a particular action attaching to the highest human good.However,ethical reasoning is the expression of practical deliberation only coming from the agency＇s single perspective.Inasmuch as ethical reasoning cannot reflect the complexity,mobility and heterogeneity of human practice,practical reasoning must develop into narrative reasoning that is present in tragedies.Narrative reasoning is a comprehensive reasoning that contains three syllogisms coming from three perspectives of the actor,the spectator,and the potential actor.In conclusion,Aristotelian practical wisdom is a triple framework of productive,ethical and narrative reasoning.