台湾预立医疗决定制度研究——以“病人自主权利法”的通过为契机

On Advance Medical Decision System in Taiwan:Taking the Passage of the “Patient Autonomy Act” as a Turning Point

预先医疗指示起源于美国,其法理基础是先前自主权和拒绝维生医疗权,世界各法域都已掀起预先医疗指示的立法潮流。我国台湾地区在2015年底通过"病人自主权利法"建立了预立医疗决定制度,该制度对原先的预立意愿书制度做出了重要改动,并增加了新的内容。该制度的重要内容包括预立医疗决定可拒绝的措施,预立医疗决定的执行条件、程序,医疗机构或医师的责任豁免和专业裁量权。鉴于大陆地区正在推广生前预嘱,对台湾地区预立医疗决定制度的法学思考就具有重要意义。

Advance medical directives originated in the United States,whose legal basis is the right to refuse life-sustaining medical treatment and previous autonomy. Nowadays,all kinds of legal unit in the world have set off a trend of legislation of advance medical directives. The ＂advance medical decision system＂ was established at the end of 2015 in Taiwan by passing the ＂Patient Autonomy Act＂,which has made important changes to the previous living wills,and at the same time,added some new contents including the measures that can be rejected by advance medical decisions,the implementation of decision conditions,the decision procedures and the exemption from liability and professional discretion of medical institutions or physicians. In view of the fact that the mainland is popularizing living wills,it is of great importance for us to study Taiwan＇s advance medical decision system.