骨髓间充质干细胞的示踪技术研究进展

Advances in tracing techniques of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

组织工程学的建立和发展改变了传统的”以创伤修复创伤”的治疗模式，采用种子细胞与生物材料相结合的方式，用于修复骨、软骨、肌肉、血管等组织的缺损。骨髓间充质干细胞（bone marrow mesenchymal stem ceils，BMMSCs）是干细胞再生医学的种子细胞，因其具有多向分化潜能、提取培养方便、增殖能力强、低免疫原性等诸多优点而被大量研究。但骨髓间充质干细胞在创伤修复上也存在着一定的问题，从而制约了其运用于临床医疗，因此仍需进行大量的基础实验研究。在大量关于骨髓间充质干细胞的实验中，各类检测手段层出不穷。其中为了能在活体内检测细胞的迁移、增殖、分化等状态，则需要应用到示踪技术。示踪简而言之就是对标记物进行跟踪监测。目前对细胞采用报告基因（report gene）、荧光染料（fluorescent dyes）和纳米粒子（nano particle）这三大类标记方法，运用光学成像、MRI和核素成像（radionuclide imaging，RNI）等医学影像技术中的一种或几种进行观察，从而组成了各种示踪技术。不同的示踪技术有着各自的优缺点，这与所选择的标记物本身的性质以及影像技术的特点有关。为了得到更准确的实验结果，研究人员也在不断地改进和发展新的示踪技术。本文以示踪技术的标记方法的区别进行分类，就现在运用于骨髓间充质干细胞的各种示踪技术进行综述和展望。

The establishment and development of tissue engineering has changed the traditional treatment model which re- pair trauma with trauma. It combines seed cells with biomaterials to repair bone, cartilage, muscle, blood vessels and other tissue defects. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells （BMMSCs） are seed cells for stem cell regenerative medicine. They have been exten- sively studied because of many advantages, such as multi-directional differentiation, easy-extraction and culture, strong prolifera- tion ability, low immunogenicity, and so on. However, there are some problems in the repair in trauma of BMMSCs, which restrict their application in clinical medical treatment. Therefore, a great deal of basic experimental studies are still needed. In a large number of experiments on BMMSCs, various types of detection methods emerge in an endless stream. In order to monitor its status like migration, proliferation and differentiation in vivo, tracing technology has been using. Tracing, in short, is the tracking of markers. There are three types of labeling methods, including Report gene, Fluorescent dyes and Nano particle, using one or more of the medical imaging technologies, such as optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） and radionuclide imaging （RNI） to observe. Thus, a variety of tracer techniques are formed. Different tracing technologies have their own advantages and disadvantages, which are related to the nature of the selected marker itself and the characteristics of the imaging technique. In order to obtain bet- ter and more accurate experimental results, researchers are constantly improving and developing new tracing technology. In this paper, we classify tracing techniques by different labeling methods, review and prospect the various tracing techniques currently apt）lied to BMMSCs.