元明清三代治理甘青多民族走廊之比较

Comparison of the Yuan,Ming and Qing's Governance in Gan-Qing Multi-ethnic Corridor

元、明、清三代对于甘青多民族地区军政治理的方式不尽相同,但导致不同的原因大体可归纳为国力强弱与民族观指导下的民族政策两大方面。就国力强弱而言,元、清两朝的国力远在明朝之上,所以根本不需要将甘青多民族走廊当作屏障。元、清两朝的甘青多民族走廊呈现更多的是一个管理带或文化带。相反,明代国力较弱,只能依托农牧分界线,将甘青多民族走廊建设成为一个军事防御带,借助农业的天然属性打造产业强边体系。就民族观而言,元、清两朝的统治者虽然也存在民族歧视,但并不积极提倡民族同化,而明朝统治者一方面热衷于用汉化手段对周边少数民族进行管理,所谓"以华化夷";另一方面当无法对周边少数民族进行直接管理时,又常常用民族隔离带的方式将不同民族人为割裂,造成民族对立,所谓"以华制夷"。

The Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties'military and civil administration of Gan-Qing multi-ethnic region were not the same,and the reasons led to the difference can be concluded mainly as two:the state power,and ethnic policies with ethnic viewpoints.As for state power,the Yuan and Qing were far stronger than the Ming,so they didn't need to use Gan-Qing multi-ethnic corridor as a screen.In the Yuan and Qing dynasties,this region appeared more like an administrative zone or cultural zone.On the contrary,the Ming Dynasty's state power was comparatively week,so it relied on the division line of agriculture and pasture,to build this region as a military defense zone,and used the nature of agriculture to construct a border defense system.For the ethnic viewpoints,though the Yuan and Qing also had discrimination,they did not actively propose national assimilation.The rulers of the Ming Dynasty,however,were minded of using measures of assimilating to administrate the surrounding ethnic minorities—namely the so called'Yi Hua Hua Yi(以华化夷)'on the one hand,and when a direct governance over the ethnic peoples could not be achieved,they use the segregation zone to segregate peoples—the so called'Yi Hua Zhi Yi(以华制夷)',on the other hand.