京剧命运的深切思考——读龚和德《京剧说汇》

Profound Thinking over the Destiny of Peking Opera: A Review of Gong Hede's Collective Discussion of Peking Opera

龚和德先生的学术贡献与影响特别值得戏曲界普遍关注。他的学术新著《京剧说汇》传达出对京剧命运的深切关注与思考,厚重之感,新见锐气。他认为,京剧的文化定位应该是"古典+现代",京剧具有双重品格,既是古典艺术也是现代艺术。戏曲的现代化不是一个题材概念,它是一种文化精神层面的追求和预设,而非简单化地等同于提倡表现现代生活;它也决非是民族戏曲的西方化,在积极的世界戏剧文化交流新格局中,戏曲的现代建设和发展,不能消解戏曲美学精神;它更不是要对不同剧种和不同剧目做统一的审美形态要求和创作格局要求。他在尚长荣的现代艺术创造中,看到其成功的普遍意义和基本经验:探索人性、激活传统、寻找新文化支撑。关于京剧的形式问题,他认为,第一,京剧是一种形式感特别强的戏剧样式,必须高度重视形式问题,只有形式化了,才能形成内容和感知内容。第二,形式既同内容相结合,又是可分的,具有相对独立性。第三,京剧形式也可以分成为内形式与外形式。内形式也即表演形式,外形式即演出形式,外形式的变化极为丰富、灵动,具有吸纳和借鉴相对更大的灵活性。针对当代京剧创作中表演主体性失落的情况,龚先生又特别提出:今天的演员一方面特别需要具有清醒的"主体意识",另一方面也要具有清醒的"合作意识"。

Mr. Gong Hede＇ s academic contribution and influence deserves the universal attention of theatre circle. In his new masterpiece Collection of Discourses on Peking Opera, he states that Peking Opera has double qualities, classical and modern. The modernization of opera is neither a theme conception nor a simple proposition of modern life, but is a cultural and spiritual pursuit and preset. It is not a westernization of national opera, but is a modern construction and advancement of opera in a new and active world opera pattern. All modernization practice should not digest the aesthetic spirit of opera, nor establish unified aesthetic demands for different types of opera. Viewed from Shang Changrong＇ s modern art creation, he finds that to explore humanity, activate tradition and seek for new cultural support will do better for the success. As regards for the form, firstly, he states that Peking Opera is an opera with a strong sense of form, so, we must pay a high attention to the form. Only formalized could the form and content be unified. Secondly, form and content has their own independency. Thirdly, the inner form of Peking Opera refers to acting form, and the outer form refers to performing form. Upon the condition that acting subjectivity loses in contemporary Peking Opera, Mr. Gong especially proposes that actors should have a clear subject consciousness and a cooperative consciousness.