关于中琉关系历史与琉球群岛定位的几个问题

Several Issues on the Relations between China and Ryukyu and Positioning of the Ryukyu Islands

琉球群岛问题,既是中国史、日本史、东亚史及其相互关系史研究的重要学术问题,也是关涉中日东海划界和相关岛屿、海域的主权,需要从根本上加以厘清和解决的政治问题。其一,琉球自明初归附中国,其王为中国明清朝廷的封王,即藩王、属臣,其国为中国明清王朝的封国,即藩国、属地。今日学界有人称其为"独立王国",判其与中国无隶属关系,只是"两家友好",只是"双方交流",是对中琉关系实质的误读。历史上的"中外关系"既有国与国之间的关系,也有中央和地方、内地和海外地区的关系,不能一概比附为现代的"国际关系"。其二,日本的萨摩藩1609年侵琉,只是日本幕府所属的一个藩对中国朝廷所属的一个藩的侵扰,既没有造成琉球受封、朝贡于日本政权而隶属于日本的事实,也没有改变琉球继续受封、朝贡于中国朝廷而隶属于中国的历史。日本曾藉此说琉球"两属",既属中也属日,是对中琉关系历史的歪曲。其三,明清王朝对琉球封国封王实行的是实际管理,今日学界有人说其仅为"名义上的"管理,"有名无实",与历史不符。其四,1879年日本强行侵占琉球,置为冲绳县,中日谈判多年不果,遂成为历史悬案。今日学界对此无视,遂造成"冲绳(琉球)是日本领土"的普遍误识。其五,正因为琉球不属日本,1945年日本投降后才不得不无条件将琉球交出,遂成为联合国托管地,以美国为托管当局,设"琉球民政府"施政之。1972年美国未经联合国授权而将琉球施政权转交日本,连同钓鱼岛,中国政府从未认同。由国际法视之,琉球群岛的联合国托管地性质和定位至今未变。

The issues of the Ryukyu Islands are important academic problems in Chinese history, Japanese history, East Asian history and history of mutual relations. These are also political issues involving in demarcation of the East China Sea between China and Japan, as well as sovereignty of relevant islands and sea areas. All of these should be figured out and solved fundamentally. Firstly, Ryukyu was subordinated to China in early Ming Dynasty. The king（seignior or official） was the lord in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The country（vassal state or possession）was the princedom in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In today’s society, some scholars call it as the “independent kingdom” and think that it has no membership function with China. They are just “friendly” and “communicate with each other” . Actually, this is a kind of misunderstanding on the actual relations between China Ryukyu. Historical ttSino-foreign relations＂ include the relations between countries and also get involved in the relations between the central and local areas,as well as hinterland and overseas areas. It can,t be compared to the modem “international relationsw . Secondly, Japanese Satsuma Domain invaded in Ryukyu in 1609, showing the vassal state in Shogunate invaded in a vassal state of Chinese dynasty. This didn,t make Ryukyu be titled,paid tribute to Japanese regime and attached to Japan and didnJt change the Chinese history that Ryukyu was titled and paid tribute to Chinese dynasty and attached to China. Japanese history mentioned that Ryukyu belonged to “two countries” ？ In other words, it belonged to China and Japan. This is a kind of distortion for the relations between China and Ryukyu. Thirdly,Ming and Qing Dynasties implemented the actual management on the princedom and lord of Ryukyu. In today,s society,someone says it is the “nominal” management,^remains in name onlyw and this is inconsistent withthe history. Fourthly, Japan forced to embezzle Ryukyu in 1879 and divided it into Okinawa Prefecture. China and Japan have negotiated for many years, but there was no result. Therefore, it has become a historical unsettled question. In today9s society, academic circles neglect it, forming the general misunderstanding that 〈〈Oklnawa（Ryukyu） is the Japanese domain. Fifthly, Ryukyu doesn^ belong to Japan, after Japan surrendered in 1945, it handed over Ryukyu unconditionally,forming the mandated territory of the United Nations. The US mandated the authority. “The Ryukyu Civil Government” was administrated. In 1972, with the authorization of UN, the USA gave tiie administration right of Ryukyu to Japan, as well as Diaoyu Island. Chinese Government never approves it. According to international laws, the mandated territory property and legation of the Ryukyu Island have never changed until now.