中美经济对比中的民生与效率——以产值统计为基础分析

The People's Livelihood & Efficiency in Comparison Betwe Chinese & U. S. Economies——A Brief Analysis Based on Output Value Statistics

近三十余年来中美经济实力对比发生了较大的变化。无论是按美元现价计算的国内生产总值位居世界第二,还是按购买力平价计算的国内生产总值已超越美国成为世界第一,都展示了中国经济的崛起与规模的庞大。而人均国内生产总值与就业者人均国内生产总值的增长则分别体现了中国民生基础的改善与投入效率的提高。但同改革开放前夕比较,中国人均国内生产总值及就业者人均国内生产总值与包括美国在内的主要发达国家的差距却依然明显甚至有所扩大。但这未必反映出民生与效率的实际差距。重要原因之一是在中国特殊的人口结构及受此影响的消费方式下,产值统计对中国建设成就与财富增长有低估倾向。对中国而言,经济结构的调整比产值的提高更为重要。在结构调整尚未完成之前,还需防止以出口促进增长过程中通过运用比较劣势提升了产值,实际上却使经济实力受损的现象出现。

Great changes have taken place in the economic power comparison between China and the United States in the last three decades. The second largest gross domestic product（GDP） in current US $ and the largest GDP in purchasing power parity current international dollar show the rising Chinese economy and its large scale. The rising GDP per capita and GDP per person employed demonstrate the improving livelihood of people and the increasing efficiency of labor input respectively in China. But compared with the data of China＇s pre-reform years, GDP per capita gap and GDP per person employed gap between China and main developed countries such as U. S are still obvious and even widening. However, this kind of gap may not reflect the level of livelihood and efficiency distance exactly. One of the causes is that output value statistics has propensity to undervalue the construction achievement and treasure growth under Chinese traditional and special population structure and consumption. That means adjusting economic structure is more important for China than raising the value of output. Before the economic structure adjustment is completed, China still needs to avoid hurting the economic power while increasing the GDP by making use of comparative disadvantages and promoting growth by exporting.