内阁制的困境:孙宝琦与北京政府后期的府院关系

The Dilemma of Cabinet System: Sun Baoqi and the Relationship between Presidential Palace and State Council in the Late Period of Peking Government

在直系首领曹锟担任总统的北京政府后期,人事纷争与财政问题一直是其与国务总理孙宝琦之间的政治焦点。内阁人选、财长留任、金佛郎案、德发债票案等问题,成为府院角力的主要内容。不同于黎元洪与段祺瑞时代,曹锟和孙宝琦的府院之争的外部环境主要受制于内部的权力之争。1923年民国宪法关于内阁制的政制设计,使得在府院权力关系中总统始终居于主导和支配地位,总理则受制于总统。这种权力关系,不仅是当时的军政实力决定的,也是宪法中内阁制度设计的结果。

In the late period of Peking government while the Zhili clique leader Cao Kun was the President,personnel disputes and financial problems had been the political focus between Cao Kun and the Premier Sun Baoqi.Many problems such as Cabinet candidates,Finance Minister remaining in office,Gold Franc case,and the case of German Bonds Ticket issues became the main content of the Controversy between Presidential Palace and State Council.Unlike the era of Li Yuanhong and Duan Qirui,the external environment of the Controversy between Cao Kun's Presidential Palace and Sun Baoqi's State Council,mainly constrained by the internal power struggle.The constitutional design on the Cabinet System by1923 Republic Constitution,made the President remain dominant state and the Premier subject to the President in the power relations between Presidential Palace and State Council.The power relations was not only decided by the military strength,but also was the result of the constitutional design in the Cabinet System.