自由的应然图景:马克思与罗尔斯关于理想社会的不同构想

The Ideal of Freedom: Marx and Rawls' Different Conceptions of Ideal Society

罗尔斯与马克思在各自理论体系中都包含了对理想社会的描绘和憧憬,并且都将自由的实现视为其中最关键的要素。罗尔斯从人的社会性出发,强调以正义原则来规范社会合作和实现社会稳定,从而建构起以维护个人自由权利为主要目标的理想社会;马克思同样立足于人的社会属性,但强调深入到生成和塑造社会性的物质基础去把握人的自由问题,从而勾画出每个人及一切人全面自由发展的未来蓝图。两者在理想社会的实现模式、途径和目标上存在着较大的差异,这正是基于他们不同的理论立场和思维方式。

Rawls＇ s and Marx＇ s theoretical systems contain the different visions of the ideal society and they both take the realization of freedom as the most critical element. From the point of sociality, Rawls emphasizes the principle of justice to regulate social cooperation and guide the stable development of society, so as to achieve the ideal of maintaining and realizing the individual freedom rights as the core goal. Marx＇ s theory is also based on human sociality, but emphasizes deepening into the material basis of sociality＇ s formation to understand and grasp the realization of human freedom, thus delineating the blueprint for the all-round free development of every person and the whole society. The contrast between the two propositions is different from the different theoretical positions and ways of thinking.