论西欧中世纪刑法的理性因素及其在现代各法系中的投射

On Rational Elements of the Medieval Criminal Law and their Embodiment in Modern Legal Systems

现代西方刑法学以理性为其特征，这一点无论大陆法系还是英美法系皆然。然而．被普遍视为愚昧落后的中世纪刑法却与现代西方刑法学有着内在的传承关系，这意味着中世纪刑法已孕育着理性的因素。在公正、全面的视角观察之下，本文发现中世纪早期盛行的“神明裁判”制度与日耳曼刑法中都蕴藏着（罗素式的）“个人理性”的要素；而纠问式审判、教会刑法体系中则更多体现出（韦伯式的）“形式理性”的要素。本文认为西欧中世纪刑法的发展总体上体现了理性主义上升的趋势，但在部分问题上也体现了理性的“自负”。最后．本文分析了中世纪刑法中理性因素的闪光点在现代各法系中的不同的“投射”方式，认为英美法系与大陆法系刑法均是中世纪刑法理性主义的继承者，但各自存在不同的侧重点；相对而言，我国刑法则在“形式理性”方面存在历史性的不足。

Rationality is a character of modem western criminal law, which is true to both Anglo-American and Continental legal systems. Yet the medieval criminal law, which has been widely deemed unenlightened, was the directly-related ancestor of modem criminal law, which means that the rational factors should have existed in the former. Under a fair and comprehensive viewpoint,in the early institution of ＂trial by ordeal＂ and Germanic criminal law, the ＂personal rationality＂ factors （in the sense of B. Russell） can be found, whereas in the institution of inquisitional trial and canonical criminal law, the ＂formal rationality＂ factors （in the sense of M. Weber） can be found. This essay holds that the development of medieval criminal law generally embodies the tendency of rationalism, although some special issues reflect the ＂pride＂ of rationality. At last, this essay analyzes the ways of inheriting the rational factors of medieval law by different modem legal systems and holds that both Anglo-American and Continental legal systems are equally rational but with different emphases. Comparatively speaking, Chinese criminal law has historical insufficiency of formal rationality.