方国珍袭击刘家港前后元代海运实景——以元人文集中海运官员资料为中心

The Conditions of the Yuan Sea Transportation during the Time of Fang Guozhen＇s Assault on the LiuJiagang-Based upon Materials Related to Shipping Officials Found in the Yuan Collected Works

朱清、张碹二人被诛之后，元代的海运体制从“包干制”发展为“职业官僚与滨海富民共同执掌”的局面。限于史料，以往的研究更多的关注滨海豪族。实际上元人文集中保留了不少海运万户府官员的功绩碑、遗爱碑与去思碑，时间大致是元顺帝即位前后二十年。本文以此为切入点，试图论述与分析在这一海运衰败时期，海运官员仕途特点及所关注的海运要务等问题。本文指出朝廷往往不考虑官员的出身，而是选派驰骋官场且熟知江浙情形之人，特别强调官员的能力。这些海运官员关注的焦点大致是漕府的贪腐、漕民的疾苦以及与其他部门的冲突和海寇的出现，这些危机大致贯穿有元一代。

After the execution of Zhu the Yuan maritime transportation Qing and Zhang Xuan, governance of system became jointly shared by bureaucratically appointed administrators and wealthy coastal gentry. This article utilizes surviving documentation on these shipping officials found in collected works from the reign of Shundi to examine their primary characteristics and the problems that they encountered in the management of maritime transportation.