明清卫所六房初探

A Preliminary Study of Liufang and Weisuo in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

卫所房科设置上,明代卫经历司之下除设有吏、户、礼、兵、刑、工六房外,还有粮房,除恩军科外,还有兵马科、马科和承发科。卫六房设有令史与典史两种吏役,令史一般设两名,典吏数目不一,两名令史分管吏户礼三房和兵刑工三房,典史则出现兼领两房的情况。入清以后,经历司大规模裁撤,卫六房在史料中难得一见,但这并不意味着卫六房退出卫之行政,其在日常行政中仍发挥作用。六房设置导致的卫所行政结构类州县化,或是清人借侨州郡县之实土概念称卫所的缘由之一。

In terms of the Fang（房） and Ke（科） settings of Weisuo（卫所） in the Ming dynasty,under the department of Jinglisi（经历司）,besides the six departments of personnel（吏）,revenues（户）,rites（礼）,war（兵）,justice（刑）,works（工）,the department of grain collection and transportation（粮房） is also included.Besides Enjun ke（恩军科）,there are Bingma ke（兵马科）,Ma ke（马科） and Chengfa ke（承发科）.Liufang is equipped with two？ officials of Lingshi（令史） and Danshi（典史）.The former one generally appoints two officials,while the latter one has different number of officials.The two officials of Lingshi（令史） respectively take charge of？ the three departments of personnel（吏）,revenues（户） and rites（礼）,and the other three departments of war（兵）,justice（刑） and works（工） while the officials of Dianshi（典史） appear to be in charge of all of them.Since the Qing dynasty,the department of Jinglisi experienced large-scale cutting,Wei Liufang（卫六房） has rarely been seen in the historical data,which does not mean that Wei Liufang（卫六房） withdraws from the administration of Wei（卫） and it still plays an important role in the daily administrative work.The settings of Liufang（六房） make the administrative structure of Weisuo（卫所） similar with state and county,and it may be one of the reasons that Weisuo was named by the people of the Qing dynasty who borrowed the concept of Shitu in the emigrant state and county.