幸福标准的社会性建构与主观幸福感

Social construction of happiness standardand subjective well-being

个体的幸福标准是个体在社会生活中主观建构的,它来自于个体对其主要参照对象的选择与比较。不同个体对主要参照对象的选择或建构不仅具有不同倾向性,而且还会在平行、上行、下行参照对象之间进行转换。一般来说,个体更多地根据其平行参照对象来考量自身幸福程度,但在现实生活中,越来越多的个体将其上行参照对象"平行化"并据其"建构"相应的幸福标准。个体对其平行参照对象与自身之间相对较小的差距不太敏感,也能接受其上行参照对象与自身之间不是太大的差距。但是,如果差距超过了个体所能够容忍的范围,个体就会产生不公平、不公正感,并进而感受到不幸。

The individual＇s happiness standard is what the individual has subjectively constructed in social life and it comes from the individual＇s choice of and comparison with the major referents. Different individual has not only differ- ent tendentiousness to the major referents＇ choice and comparison, but also changes between parallel referents, upward referents and downward referents. In general, the individual measures his own happiness more by the parallel referent, but in real life, more and more individuals parallelize his upward referents and then ＂construct＂ the corresponding hap- piness standard according to that. Generally, the individual is not too sensitive to their relatively smal~ gap hetween himself and the parallel referents, and he can also accept a not-too-big gap between himself and his upward referent. However, if the gap goes beyond the range that the individual can tolerate, the individual can feel unfair or unjust, and then feel unhappy.