唐末成都罗城城垣的考古学观察

Archaeological Observation and Research on the Outer City Wall of Chengdu of the Late Tang Dynasty

唐末新建的成都罗城,对成都城市格局的最终形成,具有承前启后的方向性意义。本文在梳理历年成都罗城城垣考古发现资料基础上,结合相关文献记载,重点论证了罗城城垣的基础营建、夯土选取、墙体包砖等几个基本问题,并对罗城建设尚存的疑点进行了分析研究。基于内外部原因及当时的社会环境,成都唐末罗城做法讲究,先开宽平的基槽,用土夹卵石夯筑至地表。此做法源自成都平原史前城址城垣夯筑技术;夯土选自平原纯净"生土",并施以密集夯筑。墙体基础外有砖石所做散水,城垣内外两侧均以砖包,开启成都城垣砖墙之始。成都罗城城垣整体内外包砖,异于同时期其他城池,但城垣包砖的来源、建造工期尚未有合理解释。羊马城应是环绕罗城四周而建的军事防御设施,同时对考古发现羊马城的可能性做了探讨。

The outer city wall of Chengdu built in the Late Tang dynasty was significant for the forming of Chengdu city layout. This article demonstrates archaeological materials of the outer city wall over the years and discusses, with reference to related records from literature, several basic issues including foundation building, ramming process and wall bricking, and analyzes a few questionable points in terms of its construction. Due to the interior and exterior causes and the social environment, the outer city wall of Chengdu was built with a method originating from the prehistoric city walls in Chengdu Plain. Constructors dug a wide foundation trench first, backfilled it to the ground level with ＂immature soil＂ mixing with pebbles, and then rammed the soft intensively on the site. There was an apron outside the wall foundation and walls were bricked on both outside and inside, which was different from those of other contemporary cities and was the first case of wall bricking in Chengdu. However, the provenance of those bricks and the construction duration still remain ambiguous. As a military defense facility around the city, rampart is discussed in the end for the possibility of archaeological discovery.