“蜀郡西工”铜器渊源及相关问题

Origin of “蜀郡西工” Bronze Vessels and Related Issues

目前所知汉代带有"蜀郡西工"或"蜀西工"刻铭的铜器为数不多,但这些铜器高贵奢华,主要供御用,并随着赏赐等再分配流向其他地区,最具示范效应,在汉代青铜器风格的形成过程中发挥过重要作用。本文通过讨论"蜀郡西工"铜器品类形制的来源,认为蜀郡西工造作的铜器,在蜀郡所处的巴蜀地区先秦考古发现中并无渊源可循,这些器物并不是巴蜀传统铜器自然发展演变的结果。进而结合与其风格相近的鎏金银刻纹铜器进行详细检视。通过铭文、器形、工艺、空间分布及其渊源等方面,指出在这看似"一统"的面貌下隐藏着细节差异,总结分布形态,分析来源与背景,追踪产地线索,认为其中部分来自成都、江苏、湖南等不同产地。从"蜀郡西工"铜器入手,本文探讨和展现了汉代大一统背景下,手工业管理及地方传统共同作用下汉代铜器风格的形成。

The presently acknowledged bronze vessels with inscriptions ＂＇蜀郡西工＂ or ＂蜀西工＂ are only in a small amount, yet those bronzes are elegant and luxurious, and were mainly used by the imperial family. As awards from the emperor, some of them were sent to other regions and influenced local bronze style, playing a major role in the development of the bronze style in the Han dynasty. Through tracing the origin of these ＂蜀郡西工_＂ bronze vessels＇ shape, this article points out that the bronze vessels produced in the Western Workshop of Shu County （蜀郡西工） was not derived from those found in pre- Qin archaeological discoveries of Bashu area. In other words, these artifacts were not the result of natural development of Bashu traditional bronzes. In addition, this article studies the gilded and silvered bronzes with engraved patterns which presented a similar style with ＂蜀郡西工＂ bronze vessels. By comparing their inscriptions, patterns, making processes, spatial distributions and origins, the present article reveals the slight differences besides the likeness. The distribution patterns, clues about the provenance and related background information indicate that some of them were produced respectively in Chengdu, Jiangsu and Hunan. On the basis of those ＂蜀郡西工＂ bronze vessels, this article explores the formation of the bronze style in the Han dynasty under the co-effect of handicraft management and local tradition.