污染水体中河蚬的生物毒性响应研究进展

A Review of Biological Toxicity Response of Asian Clam Corbicula fluminea to Contaminated Environment

河蚬作为广泛分布于世界各国的典型底栖生物,由于其活动性低、滤食性等特征被广泛用作指示生物研究多种水体污染物的生物有效性。但迄今为止,尚没有系统论述污染水体中河蚬生物毒性响应的研究进展。为此,本文从污染物种类、测试指标、试验参数等角度探讨了过去30多年间河蚬在氨、重金属、有机污染物生物富集及生物毒性效应等方面的研究过程及主要成果。以往研究主要以河蚬生物体内累积、形态学及行为学观察、生化指标、代谢组学、基因完整性等指标表征污染水体的生物毒性效应,并随着分子生物学的发展已逐步由多指标全面表征代替单一指标测试。此外,现有研究多偏重于重金属和持久性有机污染物,对氨、新型污染物及纳米材料的河蚬生物毒性效应探讨尚处于起步阶段。河蚬在自然水体污染状况评估、污染水体的生物修复、水体毒性预测等方面具有较高适用性,但河蚬在沉积物毒性鉴定评估(TIE,Toxicity Identification and Evaluation)中的应用研究依然较为缺乏,有待进一步开展。

As a typical benthonic species, Corbicula fluminea is widely used for biomonitoring freshwater pollution due to its sessile and filter-feeding characteristics. However, there is few reports reviewing the progress about biological toxic response and bioaccumulation for contaminants of C. tluminea in aquatic environment. Therefore, this study summarized the main achievements about the effects of pollutants （ammonia, trace metals, organic contaminants） on freshwater invertebrates C. lluminea in terms of pollutant species, test index, test medium and test dura- tion. The results indicated that the common biomonitoring techniques applied in C. tluminea study could be classi- fied as bioaccumulation, morphology, behavior observation, biochemical index alterations, metabonomics measure and genetic integrity changes. With the development of molecular biology, the use of single biomarker is gradually replaced by multi-biomarker approach. Furthermore, existing researches mainly focus on heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants, whereas studies on ammonia, emerging contaminants and nanomaterials are still in the initial stage. Overall, C. fluminea is a useful species for evaluating aquatic pollution, bioremediation, toxicity prediction. Studies on the application of C. fluminea in the area of sediment Toxicity Identification and Evaluation （TIE）, by contrast, are still scarce and need extensive investigations.