亲属参与器官捐献决定的伦理反思

Ethical reflection on relatives' participating in organ donation decision

器官捐献因其可能对个体的生命健康和身体完整性构成侵害,因此,个体有效的同意是器官捐献合法性、伦理性的前提。由于公民逝世后器官捐献者个体主体地位丧失,亲属成了器官捐献的重要参与人和实际决策者,进而引发个体和亲属谁该拥有器官捐献最终决定权、亲属能否否定个体生前捐献意愿、亲属之间的权利如何界定等问题的讨论。据此,充分尊重个体的意愿,明确亲属在保护逝者权利和承担社会道德方面的双重责任,保障亲属参与器官捐献的权利,适度扩大法定亲属范围并确定亲属行使决定权的顺位性或许是我国亲属参与器官捐献决定的可能方向。

Organ donation may infringe an individual＇s life and health right and physical integrity, therefore, the valid consent of the individual is a precondition of the legality and ethicality of organ donation. Due to the loss of individual subject status as donors after the death, relatives will become the major participators and actual decision makers of organ donation. As a result, confusions come up, such as who, the donor or the relatives, should be the ultimate decision maker of organ donation, whether or not the relatives can deny the individual＇s donation willingness, and how to define the effectiveness of opposed right and consent right among the relatives, etc. We think that to fully respect the donor＇s willingness, to make clear the relatives＇ responsibility for protecting the departed＇s right and the social ethics, to maintain the relatives＇ right of participating in the organ donation decision, and to expand the scope of the legal relatives and stipulate the sequence of the relatives making the decision may be the possible development means and direction for the relative＇s participating in the organ donation decision in China.