论“三君”

On "Three Gentlemen

东汉桓灵之际 ,窦武、刘淑和陈蕃被天下士人尊称为“三君”。在三君中 ,“不畏强御”的陈蕃是清流派士大夫官僚的代表 ,是党人集团的政治领袖 ;窦武则以外戚的身份成为政治权力的靠山 ;宗室刘淑则为党人集团精神信仰的依托。以“三君”为领袖的党人集团的形成 ,是延熹二年以后政治格局的基本特点。在皇权已经异化 ,不能代表封建国家的整体利益的情况下 ,以“三君”为代表的党人集团毫不犹豫地挺身而出 ,建构自己的政治权威和道德权威 ,以维护封建国家的整体利益。如果说党人集团的政治权威在皇权面前显得微不足道的话 ,那么他们所建构的道德权威却远远地超过了皇权 。

Under Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling, Dou Wu, Liu Shu and Chen Fan were respectfully addressed as 'Three Gentlemen' by all the educated men. Among the'Three Gentlemen', Chen Fan, who 'defied brutal force', was the representative of the literati and officialdom of the clear stream and the political leader of the cliques. Dou Wu, being the relatives of Emperor Ling on the side of his wife, became the backer of the political power. Liu Shu, a royal clansman, was the supporter of the spiritual belief of the cliques. The title of 'Three Gentlemen' indicates that the literati and officialdom, the relatives of an emperor on the side of his mother or wife, and the royal clansmen formed an alliance that aimed at combating the monopolized power of the eunuchs. The formation of the cliques led by 'Three Gentlemen' was the basic characteristics of the political structure after the second year of Yanxi.'Three Gentlemen' paid much more attention to the training of personal integrity and morality in terms of ethics and human dignity, which can be an example of a whole life. Under the condition that imperial power had already been alienated and couldn't stand for the entire benefits of the feudal country, the cliques led by 'Three Gentlemen' didn't hesitate to stride boldly forward build up their own political and moral authority, to defend the entire benefits of the feudal country. If the political authority of the cliques was not worth mentioning before imperial power, yet the moral authority built up by them was much more beyond it and was accepted by the whole society.