梭伦与雅典国葬典礼制度的发端

Solon and the Athenian Institution of the State Funeral Rites

修昔底德笔下雅典的国葬典礼制度始于何时,古典作家各有不同记载,一说在梭伦时代,一说在希波战争时期。目前的证据倾向于梭伦时代,一是它符合梭伦的政治倾向,一是于史有据,希罗多德和修昔底德的记载均指向此时。相关的铭文记载,大约也可追溯到梭伦时代。修昔底德对国葬典礼制度的记载相对详尽:在克拉麦伊科斯举行葬礼,并由将军发表赞颂性演说,是历史长期发展的结果,很可能到希波战争后雅典掌握了海上霸权,才逐渐完善起来。

There is evidence among the classical writers to certify the beginning of the Athenian institution of the state funeral rites. One traces it to the time of Solon and the other to the Persian Wars. The present evidence refers to Solon because the view is consistent with Solonian political position and we have the evidence which is contained in Herodotus and Thucydides. However, the developed institution of the state funeral rites that were performed at the Cerameikos and a general gave a speech resulted from a long development. It probably came into the final form when Athens became the hegemony after the Persian Wars.