DNA条形码与线粒体基因组在蚌科生物多样性研究中的应用

Application of DNA Barcoding and Mitochondrial Genome in Biodiversity Studies of Unionidae

蚌科是生活在淡水中的滤食性贝类。蚌能过滤、净化水体,且对水质变化反映敏感,是检测水质的指示生物之一。但由于栖息地缺失和破坏,过度商业捕捞以及环境污染等因素的影响,蚌科已被确定为世界上最濒危的动物类群之一。因此,对蚌科生物多样性的研究显得尤为重要。随着测序技术的不断发展,DNA测序成本越来越低、速度不断加快、准确度不断提高。而作为物种鉴定和发现隐存种的DNA序列工具,DNA条形码已被广泛应用于生物多样性的研究。线粒体基因组是动物唯一的核外基因组,也是遗传多样性重要的组成部分,并为生物多样性研究提供了丰富的信息。同时,蚌科线粒体DNA特殊的双重单亲遗传方式更受到广大研究者的高度重视。本综述对DNA条形码和线粒体基因组用于蚌科生物多样性研究中的特点、研究现状和应用范围等方面进行了总结和分析,并展望了蚌科生物多样性的研究趋势,旨在为蚌科生物多样性研究、保护蚌类和科学利用蚌类资源提供参考。

Unionidae is filter-feeding mussel living in the freshwater,and it can filter and purify the water.Unionids are sensitive to the change of water quality,which is one of the indicators to detect the water quality.As the result of habitat loss and destruction,over harvest and environmental pollution,Unionids have been the most endangered groups of animals in the world,and the biodiversity studies on Unionidae are particularly important.With the development of sequencing technology,the sequencing of DNA has become cheaper,faster and more accurate.As a tool for identifying species and finding cryptic species,DNA barcoding has been widly used in biodiversity researches.Mitochondrial genome is the only extranuclear genome in animal cytoplasm,and is an important component of the genetic diversity.Studies of mitochondrial genome can provide valuable data for biodiversity researches in animals.Unionids possess an unusual system termed doubly uniparental inheritance of mt DNA（DUI）,and this feature is highly concerned by many researchers.This review described the characteristics,principles and application fields of DNA barcodes and mitochondrial genome for Unionidae.It also discussed the prospects of DNA barcodes and mitochondrial genome in Unionidae biodiversity studies.We aimed to provide some theoretical resources for protection,biodiversity study and scientific utilization of Unionids.