微生物菌肥促进苹果花脸病植株氮素吸收和果实增产

Microbial fertilizer increase nitrogon uptake and fruit yield of apple trees infected with Baikal disease

【目的】探究微生物菌肥对减少苹果花脸病发生,提高产量和果实品质的作用。【方法】以5年生烟富3/M26/平邑甜茶苹果为试材,采用^(15)N同位素示踪技术,于2015~2016年进行了2年田间试验。设3个处理:花脸病树施化肥(CK)、健康树施化肥(T1)、花脸病树施化肥+微生物菌肥(T2)。分别于2015年10月12日和2016年10月15日,每个处理随机采集100个果实,统计花脸病病情指数,并于2016年10月15日对整树进行破坏性取样,测定^(15)N吸收利用情况。【结果】施化肥+微生物菌肥花脸病苹果树(T2)根系生物量及新梢长度显著高于施化肥花脸病树(CK)和健康树施化肥(T1)处理;施加微生物菌肥,花脸病苹果植株粗根干重、细根干重以及新梢长度比未施加的CK处理分别提高了39.4%、157.0%和42.0%。无论是否施加微生物肥,花脸病苹果植株各器官的Ndff值均显著低于健康苹果树。与CK处理相比,T2处理的果实、新梢、叶片、细根、粗根、多年生枝和中心干的Ndff值分别提高了93.4%、75.6%、63.7%、96.1%、80.2%、103.4%和95.0%;T2处理的^(15)N利用率最高,为14.4%,显著高于T1处理(10.4%)和CK处理(6.7%);T2处理的叶片、果实和新梢的^(15)N分配率显著高于CK和T1处理。第一年施用微生物菌肥(T2)对花脸病的防控效果仅为7.1%,第二年显著提高至20.9%,此时T2处理的果实的产量(6.3 kg/株)、单果质量(208.2 g)、可溶性糖(14.3%)、可滴定酸(0.5%)及糖酸比(27.6)均显著高于CK,但仍低于T1处理。【结论】施用微生物菌肥显著促进了花脸病苹果植株根系的生长,增强了根系对氮的吸收和向地上部的运输,从而提高了植株对氮肥的吸收利用,一定程度上减轻了花脸病对产量和品质的影响。

[ Objective ] This paper studied the effects of microbial fertilizer on alleviating the Baikal disease and growth, nitrogen uptake, yield and quality of apple plant. [ Method ] Taking the seedlings of the five-year-old ＂Yanfu 3 ＇/M26/Malus hupehensis Rehd. as tested material, a two-years＇ field trial was conducted using 15^N trace technique. Three treatments were designed： sick apple tree （infected with Baikal disease） applied with chemical fertilizer （CK）, healthy tree applied with chemical fertilizer （T1） and sick tree applied with both microbial and chemical fertilizer （T2）. A hundred of fruits were randomly picked up from each treatment at fruit ripening period. The whole trees were cut down as samples, and the absorption and utilization of the 15^N were determined. [ Results ] 1） The root biomass and new shoot length of apple trees in T2 were significantly higher than those in CK and T 1. The dry biomass of fine roots and thick roots, the branch length in T2 were 39.4%, 157.0% and 42.0% higher than in CK, respectively. The Ndff values in CK and T2 were significantly lower than those in T1 in all the tested organs. The Ndff of fruit, new shoot, leaf, fine root, thick root, perennial shoot and trunk in T2 were increased by 93.4%, 75.6%, 63.7%, 96.1%, 80.2%, 103.4% and 95.0%, compared to those of CK. The I^N utilization rate of T2 treatment was 14.4%, significantly higher than those of T1 treatment （10.4%） and CK （6.7%）. The ~SN partitioning rates in the leaf, fruit and new shoot in T2 treatment were all significantly higher than those of CK and T 1 treatment. The disease control effect of microbial fertilizer （T2） was only 7.1% in the first year, and increased significantly to 20.9% in the second year. In the second year of T2, the individual tree fruit yield was 6.3 kg, single fruit weight was 208.2 g, soluble sugar content was 14.3%, titratable acid was 0.5% and the sugar acid ratio was 27.6, which were significantly higher than those in CK, but still not as high as in T1. [ Conclusion ] Microbial fertilizer can promote the root growth of apple plant infected with baikal disease, enhance the uptake and transport of nitrogen, and alleviate the effects of baikal disease on yield and quality of apple to a certain extent.